DOE-STD-1066-2016, Fire Protection

DOE-STD-1066-2016 December 2016 Superseding DOE-STD-1066-2012 DOE STANDARD FIRE PROTECTION U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-STD-1066-2016 ii FOREWORD This Department of Energy (DOE) Standard (STD) supersedes DOE-STD-1066-2012, Fire Protection, and is approved for use by DOE and its contractors. This revision reflects the following major changes: • Lessons learned and good practices since the last revision was issued; • Guidance on Wildland Fire Management Programs; • Guidance and criteria for Fire Protection of Subterranean Facilities; and, • Clarification of guidance on use of industry codes and standards, maximum possible fire loss, leased facilities, baseline needs assessments, high efficiency particulate air filters, and gloveboxes. This Standard now serves as the primary source document for criteria and guidance for fire protection programs (FPPs) supporting implementation of DOE Order (O) 420.1C, Facility Safety. Other information supporting DOE’s FPPs (such as past guidance, models, sample reports, and reference documents) is available through the DOE Fire Protection Program website: http://energy.gov/ehss/fire- protection-program. This Standard was developed because national consensus standards and other design criteria do not comprehensively or, in some cases, adequately address special or unique fire protection issues at DOE facilities. A working group composed of subject matter experts drawn from DOE, contractors, and industry was used to prepare this Standard. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may improve this document should be e-mailed to nuclearsafety@hq.doe.gov or sent to: Office of Nuclear Safety (AU-30) Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security U.S. Department of Energy 19901 Germantown Road Germantown, MD 20874 DOE technical standards, such as this Standard, do not establish requirements. However, all or part of the provisions in a DOE standard can become requirements under the following circumstances: • They are explicitly stated to be requirements in a DOE requirements document; or, • The organization makes a commitment to meet a standard in: (a) a contract or (b) an implementation plan or program plan of a DOE requirements document. Throughout this Standard, the word “shall” is used to denote a requirement of this Standard; the word “should” is used to denote a recommendation of this Standard; and, the word “may” is used to denote permission, but not a requirement or a recommendation of this Standard. To satisfy this Standard, all applicable “shall” statements need to be met. Alternate approaches that demonstrate an equivalent level of safety are also acceptable, if approved by the DOE field element. “Should” statements represent DOE technical expectations. Alternative approaches to “should” statements are permitted and do not require approval by DOE. mailto:nuclearsafety@hq.doe.gov DOE-STD-1066-2016 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 APPLICABILITY ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 OVERVIEW OF STANDARD ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................. 12 2 GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ................................................................. 13 2.1 FIRE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENT ...................................................................................................... 13 2.2 USE OF NATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................................... 13 2.3 HIGHLY PROTECTED RISK CRITERIA ........................................................................................................... 14 3 FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION ............................................................ 15 3.1 DOCUMENTATION ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 PROGRAM SELF-ASSESSMENTS ................................................................................................................... 15 4 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 17 4.1 DESIGN PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA ....................................................................................................................... 17 4.3 PROCESS FIRE SAFETY ................................................................................................................................ 23 4.4 DOE-SPECIFIC FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 24 5 OPERATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 32 5.1 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................................... 32 5.2 IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................................................... 34 5.3 LEASED FACILITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 36 6 EMERGENCY RESPONSE ............................................................................................................ 38

6.1 BASELINE NEEDS ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................. 38 6.2 DOE FIRE DEPARTMENT RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 40 6.3 PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING ........................................................................................................................... 42 6.4 FIREFIGHTING ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................ 42 6.5 FIRE DEPARTMENT REPORTING .................................................................................................................. 42 7 FACILITY FIRE PROTECTION EVALUATIONS .................................................................... 43 7.1 FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 43 7.2 FACILITY ASSESSMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 44 7.3 COMPENSATORY MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 45 DOE-STD-1066-2016 iv 8 WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 46 8.1 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 8.2 APPLICABLE DOE ORDER REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................. 46 8.3 OVERVIEW OF APPROACH ........................................................................................................................... 46 8.4 IMPLEMENTING FEDERAL GUIDANCE .......................................................................................................... 46 8.5 USE OF NFPA CODE 1143 .......................................................................................................................... 60 8.6 ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ............................................................................................................................. 62 Appendix A Safety Significant and Safety Class Fire Protection System Specifications ........ A-1 Appendix B Fire Hazard Analysis ............................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C Relocatable Structures ............................................................................................. C-1 Appendix D Fire Protection for Subterranean Facilities ........................................................... D-1 Appendix E Sample Qualification Template for Lead Fire Protection Engineers .................. E-1 Appendix F Transitional Facilities .............................................................................................. F-1 Appendix G Explanatory Material .............................................................................................. G-1 DOE-STD-1066-2016 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE The purpose of this Standard is to facilitate implementation of Department of Energy (DOE) Order (O), 420.1C, Facility Safety, by providing criteria and guidance for a standard and acceptable approach to meet the DOE O 420.1C requirements for fire protection programs (FPPs). This Standard addresses special or unique fire protection issues at DOE facilities that are not comprehensively or adequately addressed in national consensus standards or other design criteria.

1.2 APPLICABILITY The provisions of this Standard apply to all departmental elements within the scope of DOE O 420.1C and to all contractors required to meet the Order’s Contractor Requirements Document (Attachment 1 to the Order). Other Departmental documents contain requirements and guidance pertaining to the protection of personnel and facilities from fire hazards. These include: • 10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 851, Worker Safety and Health Program; • DOE O 440.1B, Worker Protection Program for DOE (Including the National Nuclear Security Administration) Federal Employees; and, • DOE O 151.1C, Comprehensive Emergency Management System. This Standard may not apply to certain facilities identified in Section 3.c of DOE O 420.1C.1 Unless specifically required by a DOE contract, directive, or regulation, provisions of this Standard provide guidance on acceptable methods to meet DOE requirements. Nothing in this Standard is intended to limit the application of other fire protection methods when unique situations or hazards warrant an alternate approach. Alternate approaches that demonstrate an equivalent level of safety are acceptable if approved by the DOE field element. 1.3 OVERVIEW OF STANDARD This Standard follows the order of topics in DOE O 420.1C, Attachment 2, Chapter II: Section 2, General Fire Protection Requirements Section 3, Fire Protection Program Administration Section 4, Fire Protection Design Section 5, Operations Section 6, Emergency Response Section 7, Facility Fire Protection Evaluations Section 8, Wildland Fire Management Appendix G provides additional explanatory material, indicated as endnotes throughout the body of the Standard. The other appendices contain detailed criteria and guidance for specific conditions, including criteria and guidance for fire protection systems used in safety significant (SS) and safety class (SC) applications. DOE-STD-1066-2016 2 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referenced to assist in implementing this Standard. a. Federal Laws and Regulations (1) Public Law 107-217, Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Workers (2) 10 CFR Part 820, Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Activities (3) 10 CFR Part 830, Nuclear Safety Management (4) 10 CFR Part 851, Worker Safety and Health Program (Note that the use of the following regulations is directed by either 10 CFR Part 851 or by DOE) (5) 29 CFR Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards (6) 29 CFR Part 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction (7) 30 CFR Part 57, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Safety and Health Standards – Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines b. DOE Requirements and Guidelines (1) DOE O 151.1C, Comprehensive Emergency Management System (2) DOE O 231.1B Admin Chg. 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting (3) DOE O 251.1C, Departmental Directives Program (4) DOE O 410.1, Central Technical Authority Responsibilities Regarding Nuclear Safety Requirements (5) DOE O 413.3B, Program and Project Management for the Acquisition of Capital Assets (6) DOE O 420.1C Admin Chg. 1, Facility Safety (7) DOE O 426.1, Federal Technical Capability (8) DOE O 440.1B Admin Chg. 2, Worker Protection Program for DOE (Including the National Nuclear Security Administration) Federal Employees (9) DOE O 471.6, Information Security (10) DOE G 420.1-1A, Nonreactor Nuclear Safety Design Guide for Use with DOE O 420.1C,

Facility Safety (11) DOE G 423.1-1B, Implementation Guide for Use in Developing Technical Safety Requirements (12) DOE Administrative Records Schedule 18, Security, Emergency Planning, and Safety Records, September 2010, Revision 2 c. Department of Energy Technical Standards and Handbooks (1) DOE-HDBK-1081-2014, Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity (2) DOE-HDBK-1169-2003, Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook (3) DOE-STD-1020-2016, Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for DOE Facilities (4) DOE-STD-1066-99, Fire Protection Design Criteria (5) DOE-STD-1083-2009, Processing Exemptions to Nuclear Safety Rules and Approval of Alternative Methods for Documented Safety Analyses (6) DOE-STD-1137-2014, Fire Protection Engineering Functional Area Qualification Standard (7) DOE-STD-1189-2016, Integration of Safety into the Design Process (8) DOE-STD-3006-2010, Planning and Conducting Readiness Reviews (9) DOE-STD-3009-2014, Preparation of Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Documented Safety Analysis (10) DOE-STD-3024-2011, Content of System Design Descriptions DOE-STD-1066-2016 3 d. Other Standards and Criteria2 American Glovebox Society (AGS) (1) AGS-G006, Standard of Practice for the Design and Fabrication of Nuclear Application Gloveboxes (2) AGS-G010, Standard of Practice for Glovebox Fire Protection American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (1) ASHRAE 52.2 (2012), Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (1) ASME AG-1, Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment (2) ASME, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (3) ASME NQA-1, Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications ASTM International (1) ASTM E 84-15b, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (2) ASTM E 108-11, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings (3) ASTM E 136-16, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C (4) ASTM E 2032-09, Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Fire Endurance Tests (5) ASTM E 2174-14b, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Stops (6) ASTM E 2393-10a, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Resistive Joint Systems and Perimeter Fire Barriers (7) ASTM E 2750-13e1, Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Penetration Firestop System Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM Department of Defense (DoD) (1) DoD 6055.06-M, DoD Fire and Emergency Services Certification Programs FM Global Group (1) FM 4991, Approval Standard for Firestop Contractors FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets (1) 1-0, Safeguards During Construction (2) 1-6, Cooling Towers (3) 1-20, Protection Against Exterior Fire Exposure (4) 1-28R, Roof Systems (5) 1-31, Metal Roof Systems (6) 3-2, Water Tanks for Fire Protection (7) 3-7, Fire Protection Pumps (8) 3-10, Installation and Maintenance of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances DOE-STD-1066-2016 4 (9) 5-4, Transformers (10) 7-40, Heavy Duty Mobile Equipment (11) 7-98, Hydraulic Fluids International Code Council (ICC) (1) International Building Code (IBC) (2) International Fire Code National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

(1) NFPA 1, Fire Code (2) NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code (3) NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers (4) NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam (5) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (6) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (7) NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (8) NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection (9) NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems (10) NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (11) NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems (12) NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection (13) NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection (14) NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances (15) NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (16) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (17) NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids (18) NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (19) NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (20) NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention during Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work (21) NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (22) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (23) NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting (24) NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems (25) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code® (26) NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (27) NFPA 75, Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment (28) NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives (29) NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures (30) NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code (31) NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces (32) NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures (33) NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems (34) NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems (35) NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists and Particulate Solids (36) NFPA 101, Life Safety Code® DOE-STD-1066-2016 5 (37) NFPA 101A, Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety (38) NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems (39) NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems (40) NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities (41) NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls (42) NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations (43) NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities (44) NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code (45) NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals (46) NFPA 501, Standard on Manufactured Housing (47) NFPA 520, Standard on Subterranean Spaces (48) NFPA 600, Standard on Facility Fire Brigades (49) NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing,

Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids (50) NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films (51) NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment (52) NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems (53) NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems (54) NFPA 801, Standard for Fire Protection for Facilities Handling Radioactive Materials (55) NFPA 820, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities (56) NFPA 901, Standard Classifications for Incident Reporting and Fire Protection Data (57) NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications (58) NFPA 1143, Standard for Wildland Fire Management (59) NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structural Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire (60) NFPA 1221, Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Systems (61) NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program (62) NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System and Command Safety (63) NFPA 1620, Standard for Pre-Incident Planning (64) NFPA 1710, Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments (65) NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus (66) NFPA 1906, Wildland Fire Apparatus (67) NFPA 1911, Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus (68) NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (69) NFPA 2010, Standard for Fixed Aerosol Fire Extinguishing Systems (70) NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code® National Interagency Fire Center (1) Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, 2009 (2) NFES 2092, National Interagency Mobilization Guide DOE-STD-1066-2016 6 National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) (1) NWCG, PMS 210, Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide (2) NWCG, PMS 310-1, Wildland and Prescribed Fire Qualification System Guide Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) (1) SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, 2nd Edition Underwriters Laboratories (UL) (1) UL-790, Standard for Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings (2) ULC Subject C263E, Criteria for Use in Extension of Data from Fire Endurance Tests (3) UL Building Materials Directory U.S. Forest Service (1) Forest Service Handbook 5109.18, Wildfire Prevention Handbook 1.5 DEFINITIONS Acceptable: Considered by the authority having jurisdiction as adequate for satisfying the goals, performance objectives, and/or performance criteria. Alternative: A system, condition, arrangement, material, or equipment submitted to the authority having jurisdiction as a substitute for a criterion in a standard. Approved: Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ): An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. In DOE, the head of field element is the AHJ, but responsibility can be delegated to another federal official and routine activities can be delegated to a contractor.

Building: Any structure, having a roof and walls, used or intended for supporting or sheltering any occupancy. It excludes structures not designed for occupancy (e.g., waste tanks, sand filters, saltstone vaults) or that do not have at least partial enclosure by construction materials (e.g., exhaust stack, burial ground, open pads, bridges/roads, etc.). Building Code Official (or Building Official): The officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of the building code, or a duly authorized representative. The DOE head of field element or designee is the Building Code Official, unless otherwise directed by the Cognizant Secretarial Officer. Central Technical Authority (CTA): Part of DOE line management, CTAs provide centralized technical expertise and operational awareness to ensure adequate and proper implementation and maintenance of nuclear safety policy, requirements, and guidance, and assist the field and headquarters elements in developing line management oversight programs, policies, and processes.3 DOE-STD-1066-2016 7 Code of Record (COR): A set of technical and operational requirements, including Federal and state laws, as defined in contracts and Standards or Requirements Identification Documents (or their equivalent), that are in effect at the time a facility or item of equipment was designed or modified, and accepted by DOE. Combustible: Any material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated will ignite and burn, or will add appreciable heat to an ambient fire. See ASTM E 136-16, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C. Criticality Incident: The release of energy as a result of an accidental, self-sustained nuclear fission chain reaction. Documented Safety Analysis (DSA): A documented analysis of the extent to which a nuclear facility can be operated safely with respect to workers, the public, and the environment, including a description of the conditions, safety boundaries, and hazard controls that provide the basis for ensuring safety. Emergency Response Organization: The site fire department, brigade, or other organization that performs any or all of the following functions: fire suppression; hazardous material (HAZMAT) response; emergency medical services; technical rescue; confined space entry; training; off-site assistance to other emergency response organizations; inspection, testing and maintenance of fire protection equipment or apparatus; facility fire prevention; and life safety inspections. Equivalency: An alternate means of providing an equal or greater degree of fire safety than that afforded by strict conformance to prescribed codes and standards, or an applicable DOE directive requirement. Exemption: The release from one or more requirements in a DOE directive. Unless specified otherwise in the directive, exemptions are granted, in consultation with the Office of Primary Interest (OPI), by the Program Secretarial Officer, or their designee, or in the case of the National Nuclear Security Administration, by the Administrator or designee, and documented for the OPI in a memorandum. For those directives listed in Attachment 1 of DOE O 410.1, Central Technical Authority Responsibilities Regarding Nuclear Safety Requirements, Central Technical Authority concurrences are required prior to the granting of exemptions.4

Facility: Any equipment, structure, system, process, or activity that fulfills a specific purpose. Examples include accelerators, storage areas, fusion research devices, nuclear reactors, production, or processing plants, coal conversion plants, magneto-hydrodynamics experiments, windmills, radioactive waste disposal systems and burial grounds, environmental restoration activities, testing laboratories, research laboratories, transportation activities and accommodations for analytical examinations of irradiated, and non-irradiated components. For the purpose of this Standard, the definition most often refers to buildings and other structures, their functional systems and equipment, and other fixed systems and equipment installed therein to delineate a facility. Facility Assessment: A formal documented review of the facility/building programmatic and physical fire protection features that is conducted annually, by or under the supervision of a fire protection engineer, for facilities with a replacement value in excess of $111 million (2016 dollars), facilities considered a high hazard, or those in which vital programs are involved and at least every three years for remaining low and ordinary hazard facilities. Fire: Unplanned destructive and uncontrolled burning, including detonation and deflagration, as manifested by any or all of the following: flame, heat, or smoke. Fire does not include the following events unless they cause a fire or occur as a consequence of the event: lightning or electrical discharge; DOE-STD-1066-2016 8 rupture of a pressure vessel not caused by internal combustion; detonation of munitions; overheat (without damage to initiating material); or failure of electric motors and other electrical equipment through overheating or shorting where any visible sparks or flames self-extinguish after power is removed from the device. Fire Area: An area that is physically separated from other fire areas by space, fire barriers, fire walls, or other means in order to contain fire within that area. Fire Barrier: A fire separation system component that limits for a specified period of time (the fire resistance rating) the transfer of thermal energy from one side of the barrier to the other, thereby preventing a fire on one side of the barrier from starting a fire or affecting hazardous materials stored on the other side of the barrier. Fire Brigade: A group of people organized and trained to engage in rescue, fire suppression, and related activities. Fire Department: An emergency response organization providing rescue, fire suppression, and related activities, including any public, governmental, private, industrial, or military organization engaging in this type of activity. Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA): A comprehensive assessment of the hazards of and potential damage from fire in a building or group of buildings, which takes one of the following forms: (a) Building/Facility FHA that establishes the fire safety of the facility at the time it is issued; (b) Preliminary/Project FHA which establishes the fire protection requirements for a new building or a modification to an existing building; or, (c) Transitional FHA which evaluates the minimum fire protection needs during a major transition from an operating status to some other status. Fire Loss: The dollar cost of restoring damaged property from an actual fire event to its pre-fire condition.5

Fire Prevention: The process of managing and regulating potential fire hazards (fuels and heat energy sources) and the mechanisms that bring them together to either eliminate the hazard(s) or reduce the risk associated with the hazard(s). Fire Protection Assessment: A formal documented review conducted by DOE or contractors, in accordance with DOE requirements, that examines the essential fire protection elements as they relate to a specific facility or an overall fire protection program. Fire Protection Design Analysis (FPDA): An engineering analysis for non-nuclear facilities during or preceding the preliminary design to establish fire protection design criteria, including applicable national codes and consensus standards. Updated during the design process, the FPDA provides a comprehensive design review that ensures the fire protection requirements are incorporated into the design. Fire Protection Engineer (FPE): A graduate of an accredited engineering curriculum who has completed not less than four years of engineering practice, three of which were in responsible charge of diverse fire protection engineering work. If not such a graduate, an individual should either: demonstrate knowledge of the principles of fire protection engineering showing evidence by specific academic courses and written examination in the related curriculum of physical, mathematical, and engineering sciences, and have completed not less than six years engineering practice, three of which in responsible charge of DOE-STD-1066-2016 9 diverse fire protection engineering projects, or be a registered professional engineer in fire protection. Federal FPEs under the Department’s Federal Technical Capability Program (see DOE O 426.1, Federal Technical Capability) are qualified according to DOE-STD-1137-2014, Fire Protection Engineering Functional Area Qualification Standard, or its predecessors. Fire Resistance Rating: The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a fire exposure as established in accordance with an approved test procedure appropriate for the structure, building material, or component under consideration. Fire Resistant Construction: A building element, component, or assembly, designed and tested to maintain its ability to continue to perform a given structural function, as determined by the fire tests or the methods based on the fire tests, for the associated fire resistance rating. Fire Separation: A continuous vertical or horizontal construction assembly designed and constructed with a specified fire resistance rating to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke. Fire Wall: A fire barrier assembly, with a fire resistance rating and structural stability, that separates buildings or subdivides a building into fire areas. Glovebox: A controlled environment work enclosure providing a primary barrier from the work area. The operation is performed through sealed, gloved openings to protect the worker, the ambient environment, and/or the product. Hazard Category (1, 2, 3) Nuclear Facilities: Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities are defined in Table 1, Appendix A to Subpart B of 10 CFR Part 830, as follows: (1) a Hazard Category 1 facility has the potential to cause significant off-site consequences; (2) a Hazard Category 2 facility has the potential to cause significant on-site consequences beyond localized consequences; and (3) a Hazard Category 3 facility has the potential to cause only locally significant consequences.

Limited Supply Suppression System: A system installed in accordance with the applicable National Fire Protection Association standards and having a limited quantity of a suppression agent. These systems typically include carbon dioxide, other gaseous agents, dry chemical, water, or hybrid systems (e.g., a Vortex system). Listed: Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the AHJ and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. This definition applies to products that are Underwriters Laboratories listed, FM Global approved, or certified by another nationally recognized testing laboratory as defined in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Major Modification: As defined by 10 CFR Part 830, major modifications are those that “substantially change the existing safety basis for the facility.” See DOE-STD-1189-2016, Integration of Safety into the Design Process, for further guidance on determining major modifications. Maximum Possible Fire Loss (MPFL): The dollar cost of restoring damaged property in a single, well-defined fire area, from a hypothetical fire event, assuming the failure of both automatic fire DOE-STD-1066-2016 10 suppression systems and manual fire-fighting efforts.6 Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV): Measurement created by ASHRAE to rate effectiveness of air filters. Noncombustible: A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, support combustion, burn, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Pre-Incident Plan: A document, owned and developed by a fire department, that provides information to responding personnel that will help them safely and effectively manage incidents with available resources at a specific facility or area. Program Self-Assessment: A documented comprehensive evaluation of the fire protection program that is performed at least every three years, by or under the supervision of an FPE, to review the adequacy of the site-wide and/or facility fire protection program. Pyrophoric Material: A chemical with an auto ignition temperature in air at or below 130°F.7 [DOE-HDBK-1081-2014] Relocatable Structure: Facilities including manufactured structures, mobile homes, trailers, semi-trailers, modular type structures, factory assembled structures, cargo containers, hazardous materials or flammable liquid storage containers, air supported/inflated structures, tent/membrane, and cloth/rib structures. This term does not apply to trailers and cargo containers that are being used in the transportation mode for conveying materials while on-site, or to prefabricated buildings designed for a permanent location. Structures not specifically identified herein should be referred to the AHJ for categorization. Safety Basis: The DSA and hazard controls that provide reasonable assurance that a DOE nuclear facility can be operated safely in a manner that adequately protects workers, the public, and the environment. [10 CFR § 830.3]

Safety Class Structures, Systems, and Components (SC SSCs): Structures, systems, or components, including portions of process systems, whose preventive or mitigative function is necessary to limit radioactive hazardous material exposure to the public, as determined from safety analyses. [10 CFR § 830.3] Safety Significant Structures, Systems, and Components (SS SSCs): Structures, systems, and components which are not designated as safety class SSCs, but whose preventive or mitigative function is a major contributor to defense-in-depth and/or worker safety as determined from safety analyses. [10 CFR § 830.3] Significant Modification: An addition, alteration, renovation, or repair to an existing facility that involves a change in floor area, number of stories, size of rooms, use of the area or occupancy of the structure. A significant modification does not include replacement with a like structure or equipment.8 DOE-STD-1066-2016 11 Subterranean Facility: Spaces that cannot meet NFPA 101, Life Safety Code®, NFPA 520, Standard on Subterranean Spaces, or the International Building Code (IBC) egress requirements due to the orientation or configuration of parts of the structure below ground level, which may include open and cut excavations. Requirements in this Standard divide these facilities into one or more the following areas: • Undeveloped Space: An area of the subterranean facility that has been excavated, including subterranean and ground support structures and systems, but has not been altered for the performance of mission-oriented process operations or experiments. Undeveloped space may include roadways, railways, and entrances. • Developed Space: An area of the subterranean facility that has been altered for the performance of mission-oriented process operations or experiments. Including Process Operation/Experiment Areas, an area of the subterranean facility in which materials that are likely to burn with extreme rapidity or from which explosions are likely, are staged or used that is separated from the underground infrastructure or undeveloped space by fire-resistive construction. This excludes basements of surface structures and buildings as defined by NFPA 101, NFPA 520, and the applicable building code. Variance: An exception to compliance with some part of 10 CFR Part 851. The process for requesting and approving variances from the provisions of 10 CFR Part 851 is delineated in Subpart D of Part 851 and in supplemental guidance promulgated by DOE. DOE-STD-1066-2016 12 1.6 ACRONYMS AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction BNA Baseline Needs Assessment CFR Code of Federal Regulations COR Code of Record CTA Central Technical Authority DOE Department of Energy DSA Documented Safety Analysis FACP Fire Alarm Control Panel FHA Fire Hazard Analysis FPDA Fire Protection Design Analysis FPE Fire Protection Engineer FPP Fire Protection Program G Guide HDBK Handbook HPR Highly Protected Risk IBC International Building Code ITM Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance L/RMP Land/Resource Management Plan LCO Limiting Conditions for Operation MERV Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value MPFL Maximum Possible Fire Loss NFPA National Fire Protection Association O Order QA Quality Assurance SC Safety Class SLC Signaling Line Circuits SS Safety Significant SSC Structure, System, and Component STD Standard TSR Technical Safety Requirement WFMP Wildland Fire Management Plan DOE-STD-1066-2016 13 2 GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

2.1 FIRE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENT DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a(1)) requires that a policy be established affirming the contractor’s commitment to provide a comprehensive fire protection and emergency response program.9 A fire protection policy statement10 should: • Provide an organizational commitment to satisfy Highly Protected Risk levels for fire protection; • Document the duties and responsibilities of contractor management; • Detail strategies to maintain fire prevention features; and • For emergency response organizations, describe the level of capability the contractor intends to provide. A fire protection policy statement is required to be consistent with DOE requirements and contractual obligations. 2.2 USE OF NATIONAL CODES AND STANDARDS 2.2.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a(2)) requires that fire protection and emergency response programs meet the applicable building code and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and standards. Throughout this Standard, where possible, specific NFPA codes and standards are identified as “applicable” for identified fire protection features; these should be evaluated for site-specific and facility-specific applicability where such features are called for. Such statements are not intended to imply that the identified code or standard is the only acceptable approach. 2.2.2 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 1, Section 1.c) requires contractors to identify the applicable industry codes and standards, including the IBC and applicable DOE requirements and technical standards for design and construction activities. The acquisition and construction of new facilities and major modifications of existing facilities shall meet the applicable parts of the IBC, NFPA standards, and other nationally recognized consensus standards for electrical, fire, and life safety.11 12 2.2.2.1 If an alternative to the IBC is selected for use in accordance with DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 1, Section 1.c), it is acceptable to adjust the IBC references in this Standard to appropriate references in the selected alternative building code for that particular site. 2.2.2.2 Performance of administrative functions of the building code should be documented by the contractor as required by DOE Orders and not by the administration chapter of the IBC. 2.2.3 National Electrical Code. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, is the applicable NFPA standard for electrical design requirements. DOE-STD-1066-2016 14 2.2.4 State and Local Codes. Applicable state, regional, and local building codes should be incorporated into the Code of Record (COR), as necessary and as directed by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). 2.2.5 Performance-based design alternatives to any code requirement should be based on the methodology described in the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, 2nd Edition. Other methodologies, including Chapter 5 of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code®, may also be used. Performance-based design alternatives shall be prepared under the direction of an FPE and approved by the AHJ. 2.2.6 Conflicts between national codes and standards and DOE-specific safety or security requirements should be resolved by alternate designs that minimize the conflict while assuring that an equivalent level of fire protection is maintained. For such conflicts, consultation among appropriate designated safety and security officials and the fire protection subject matter expert should be pursued. Appropriate approvals of relief from requirements are necessary.

2.2.7 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a.(2)(c)2) requires that conflicts between NFPA requirements and the applicable building code requirements be resolved by the Head of the Field Element following consultation with designated building code and fire protection subject matter experts. 2.2.8 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a.(2)(b)) requires that technical provisions of subsequent editions of codes or standards (promulgated after the original design COR) are mandatory only to the extent that they are explicitly stated to be applicable to existing facilities. 2.2.9 Operational provisions of the most recent codes and standards (promulgated after the original design COR) should be evaluated and implemented to the extent practicable. Such operational provisions include inspection, testing, and maintenance necessary to ensure that design functions are preserved during the operational lifetime. 2.3 HIGHLY PROTECTED RISK CRITERIA This Standard defines the minimum requirements for DOE improved risk level of fire protection and is consistent with the best protected class of industrial risks, commonly referred to as “highly protected risk” or “improved risk.”13 DOE-STD-1066-2016 15 3 FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 3.1 DOCUMENTATION 3.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.b(1)) requires a documented FPP that addresses the elements and requirements identified in Attachment 2, Chapter II of the Order. The FPP is required to address design, operations, emergency response, Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA) and facility assessments, wildland fire, and specific FPP criteria developed, implemented, and maintained by the contractor. 3.1.2 The site-wide FPP should: (a) document the overall program or management systems established to assign responsibilities and authorities, define policies and requirements; and (b) provide for the performance and assessment of fire protection and emergency response program activities. 3.1.3 All record retention requirements necessary to support the FPP should be identified and implemented. 3.1.4 Section 5.1 of this Standard provides operational criteria and procedures for use in developing the FPP. 3.1.5 The site-wide FPP shall identify any alternative methods approved to the required methods described in this Standard, and identify where the bases for these alternative methods may be found. As such, the FPP would also identify applicable variances, equivalencies, exemptions, and performance-based designs. 3.1.6 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.b(1)) requires that the FPP be submitted to the DOE Field Element for review and approval when developed and revised. The detailed policies and procedures that make up the fire protection and emergency response program should be included for information only in the submittal. 3.2 PROGRAM SELF-ASSESSMENTS DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.b(2)) requires that a documented comprehensive self-assessment of the FPP be performed at least every three years, or at a frequency with appropriate technical basis approved by the AHJ.14 The principal objectives of self-assessments are to verify the adequacy of the site-wide and/or facility FPP and identify strengths and weaknesses in FPPs. 3.2.1 Programmatic self-assessments shall be performed by, or under the direction of an FPE. DOE-STD-1066-2016 16 3.2.2 Self-assessments should, as a minimum, encompass the following FPP elements:15

• Compliance with fire protection-related statutory requirements, DOE orders, and mandatory national consensus codes and standards; • Procedures for engineering design and review; • Procedures for inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) of installed fire protection systems and features; • Fire protection engineering staff (number, qualifications, training); • Emergency response, including the Baseline Needs Assessment (BNA), pre-incident planning, staffing, training, and equipment; • Management support; • Documented exemptions and equivalencies; • Fire protection system impairment process; • Hot work process; • Wildland fire management planning and preparation; and, • Documentation and recordkeeping. DOE-STD-1066-2016 17 4 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN This section applies to new construction and significant facility modifications, including major modifications to nuclear facilities. Appendix A of this Standard describes an acceptable approach for implementing the design and operational requirements specified in DOE O 420.1C for new SS and SC fire protection systems, specifically, wet pipe automatic sprinklers, water supplies, and fire barrier systems. 4.1 DESIGN PROCESS 4.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.c.(1)) requires that a process be established to ensure that FPP requirements are documented and incorporated into plans and specifications for the design of new facilities and major modifications to existing nuclear facilities. For new facilities, major modifications to nuclear facilities, and other significant modifications to existing facilities, fire protection design criteria shall be developed by, or under the direction of, an FPE as early in the conceptual design phase as practicable and updated throughout the design process to ensure the fire protection requirements are documented and incorporated into plans and specifications. The technical baseline for fire protection systems shall be maintained throughout the life of the building. 4.1.2 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter I, Section 3.a.(1)) requires that safety be integrated into the design early and throughout the design process for Hazard Category 1, 2, or 3 nuclear facilities through use of DOE-STD-1189-2016, Integration of Safety into the Design Process. This requirement applies to the design of fire protection systems and components. 4.1.3 For new building construction, significant building modifications, and major modifications to nuclear facilities, the design documents shall include fire protection criteria based on either a Fire Protection Design Analysis (FPDA) or a Preliminary/Project FHA, 16 depending upon whether or not a building FHA is normally required (See Section 7 and Appendix B of this Standard for guidance). 4.1.4 New Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities should be classified as High Hazard (typically Group H-4) occupancies, as defined in IBC, unless a different classification is approved by the Building Official. 4.1.5 The special industrial occupancy exception in the IBC for height and area limits shall not be applied to new Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities. 4.2 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA

DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a(2)(a)) requires that the design and construction of new facilities and major modifications to existing facilities meet codes and standards in effect when the design criteria are approved (i.e., the COR). The applicable codes and standards for design include the provisions of the applicable requirements of Federal regulations, DOE directives, the IBC, NFPA codes, and other national codes and consensus standards in effect when the COR is established during the conceptual design phase. Appendix C of this Standard provides guidance for the design of relocatable structures. Leased facilities that are located outside DOE site boundaries should be constructed according to the construction requirements established by the local municipality as augmented by additional DOE life safety and property protection requirements contained in DOE O 420.1C, (see subsection 5.3 of this DOE-STD-1066-2016 18 Standard for additional fire protection guidance for leased facilities). 4.2.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.a.(2)(a)) also requires facility modifications other than those classified as a major modification (in accordance with DOE-STD-1189-2016) to meet the most recent applicable codes and standards to the extent determined by the AHJ. In such cases, the current editions of the codes and standards should apply to the modification unless compelling technical basis exists to do otherwise. 17 For these cases, the COR should be updated to reflect the codes and standards used for the modification. 4.2.2 The design and construction of DOE facilities should have a level of fire protection sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the best protected class of industrial risks (commonly referred to as "highly protected risk" or "improved risk") and should provide protection to achieve "defense-in- depth."18 FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheets may be used as guidance for design activities. 4.2.3 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.c.(2)(d)) requires that multiple fire protection approaches be provided for property protection in areas where the Maximum Possible Fire Loss (MPFL) exceeds $167 million (in 2016 dollars). This requirement may be met using any two of the following approaches:19 • Automatic suppression systems, such as fire sprinklers, foam, gaseous, explosion suppression, or other specialized extinguishing systems plus appropriate alarms. • Automatic fire detection, occupant warning, manual fire alarm, and fire alarm reporting systems (considered together) combined with a sufficiently-staffed, properly-equipped, and adequately-trained fire department or brigade. • Fire walls, high-challenge fire walls, or fire barriers. • For outdoor locations, sufficiently rated fire barriers; adequate physical separation; or, a combination of the two. 4.2.4 Facility Layout and Construction 4.2.4.1 Fire Area Determination. Buildings should be subdivided into separate fire areas as determined by the FHA, FPDA, or other appropriate design documentation. Fire areas can be separated from each other by fire walls, protection from external fire exposure, or other approved means.20 4.2.4.2 Fire Barriers. NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of fire barriers. Other design standards such as FM data sheets for fire wall construction and the IBC may provide acceptable alternatives (see Section 2.2.1).

4.2.4.3 Fire barriers relied on to separate hazards shall have adequate fire resistance to achieve the intended fire separation including protection of openings and penetrations, and should have a minimum two-hour fire resistance rating (or as required by the IBC or NFPA) or be demonstrated as adequate by documented analysis. 21 4.2.4.3.1 Fire Barrier Firestop Systems. The installation of new and or repair/replacement of existing firestop (penetration and joint) systems for fire barriers should be performed by qualified installers (e.g., FM 4991, Approval Standard for Firestop Contractors, approved, firestop DOE-STD-1066-2016 19 material manufacturer certified, or UL Qualified) that are directed by a “Designated Responsible Individual.” This should be enforced through procurement and construction specifications and work orders. Proper installation should be verified by visual inspection of penetration seal during installation. 4.2.4.3.2 Criteria for Firestops. Assemblies for fire barrier firestop systems should be installed per their listing instructions. Where an alternate installation is used, systems should be installed in accordance with ASTM E 2032-09, Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Fire Endurance Tests; ULC Subject C263E, Criteria for Use in Extension of Data from Fire Endurance Tests; or ASTM E 2750-13e1, Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Penetration Firestop System Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM. 4.2.4.3.3 Alternative Firestop Systems. Refer to IBC and/or NFPA 221 (Section 4.9.2.2.1) for alternative fire barrier firestop methods. 4.2.4.3.4 Fire Barrier Identification and Inspection. Fire barriers necessary for life safety, nuclear safety, hazard protection, or property protection should be (1) identified with appropriate signs or facility maps to help prevent improper breaches, and (2) periodically inspected to detect deterioration of the barrier, firestop/joint systems, and opening protective systems. 4.2.4.4 Structural Materials. DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.c.(2)(a)) requires that new (non-relocatable) buildings exceeding 5,000 sq. ft. of floor area be of Type I or Type II construction, as defined in the applicable building codes. For Hazard Category 1, 2, or 3 facilities, structural materials shall be non-combustible.22 4.2.4.5 Roof Covering. Roof coverings shall be Class A as defined in ASTM E 108-11, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, or UL-790, Standard for Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings. Metal deck roof systems shall meet the requirements of Class I construction as defined in FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheets 1-28R, Roof Systems, and 1-31, Metal Roof Systems. 4.2.4.6 Interior Finishes. Unless determined otherwise by the FHA, interior finishes in Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities and radiological facilities, shall be a minimum of Class A as defined in NFPA 101 (Section 10.2.3.4.1) and should have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke development index of 450 or less, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84-15b, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. (See also NFPA 801, Standard for Fire Protection for Facilities Handling Radioactive Materials, Section 5.8.) 4.2.5 Building Services 4.2.5.1 Ventilation Systems. NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and

Ventilation Systems, or NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems, are the applicable NFPA standards for design and installation of ventilation systems. NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Particulate Solids, is the applicable NFPA standard for exhaust conveyance systems. Once-through ventilation systems do not require shutdown upon activation of duct smoke detectors unless the FHA establishes that shutdown is needed to prevent the spread of DOE-STD-1066-2016 20 fire or for emergency management. 4.2.5.2 Transformers. Transformers installed inside buildings shall be of a dry type containing no combustible dielectric fluids. Outside transformers shall be located and protected in accordance with FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-4, Transformers. 4.2.5.3 Lightning Protection. NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for lightning protection. NFPA 780 describes how to determine the need for lightning protection and how to install and maintain lightning protection systems when required. (See also DOE-STD-1020-2016, Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for DOE Facilities, for additional information on lightning protection). 4.2.5.4 Drainage. When high-value property, safety SSCs, or mission-critical equipment is subject to flooding from the discharge of automatic sprinkler systems and/or use of manual hose streams, protection against water damage shall be provided by means of floor drains, sumps and sump pumps, equipment pedestals, or combinations thereof. Other methods may be used based on a documented analysis. 4.2.5.5 Cooling Towers. NFPA 214, Standard on Water-Cooling Towers, is the applicable NFPA standard for cooling towers. FM Data Sheet 1-6, Cooling Towers, also provides useful methods and guidance. 4.2.6 Life Safety 4.2.6.1 10 CFR Part 851 provides requirements for worker safety including protection of workers from fire hazards. NFPA 101 is the applicable NFPA code for life safety from fire as stated in Appendix A, Section 2 of 10 CFR Part 851. Additional means of egress requirements may be provided within the applicable building code according to Appendix A, Section 2 of 10 CFR Part 851; if any conflicts exist, Section 2.2.7 of this Standard addresses resolution. Performance based designs, in accordance with NFPA 101, may be applied to support equivalencies to NFPA 101 in which strict compliance is not practical. 4.2.6.2 For business occupancies, the methods outlined in NFPA 101A, Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, may be applied to support equivalencies to NFPA 101 in which strict compliance with NFPA 101 is not practical. 4.2.6.3 Refer to Appendix D of this Standard for subterranean facility life safety requirements. 4.2.7 Fire Protection Systems and Equipment (Note: Appendix A provides further information applicable to new SC and SS fire protection systems for Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities.) 4.2.7.1 Water Supply. DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.c.(3)(e)) requires that a reliable and adequate water supply and distribution system be provided for fire suppression, as documented through appropriate analysis.23 4.2.7.1.1 Redundant Water Supply. Redundant water supplies (including storage tanks and pumping systems) shall be provided when a fire protection water supply system is classified as SC (see

DOE-STD-1066-2016 21 Appendix A of this Standard), and should be provided when the MPFL exceeds $390 million (in 2016 dollars) in any site facility. 4.2.7.1.2 Adequacy. The water supply should be designed to meet the following combined demands for a period of not less than two hours: (a) hydraulically most demanding sprinkler system; (b) 500 gallons per minute (gpm) for fire hose streams (Ordinary Hazard Group II and higher);24 and (c) uninterruptable domestic and process demands. 4.2.7.1.3 Reliability. The water supply and distribution system should be designed to prevent a single failure from causing the system to fail to meet its demand. Design features should include looped and gridded distribution piping with sectional valves and redundant supplies (pumps and tanks or elevated water sources). 4.2.7.2 Tanks. NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of fire water tanks.25 4.2.7.3 Water Supply Mains. NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of water supply mains.26 4.2.7.3.1 Facility Fire Protection Water Service. Fire protection water service piping should be run and controlled separately from any domestic or process water piping that enters the facility from a combination of fire and domestic-process water supply sources. Fire protection risers and valves should be located as close as practical to the building’s exterior walls. When the system could be affected by radioactive contamination in the facility, consideration should be given to locating the riser adjacent to the building in a separately-protected enclosure. 4.2.7.3.2 Fire Hydrants. Hydrants should be installed no closer than 40 feet from the facility’s external walls. Hose runs from hydrants should not exceed 300 feet to all exterior portions of the facility. A minimum of two hydrants per building should be provided. Branch piping between the water main and a hydrant should not exceed 300 feet. 4.2.7.3.3 Control Valves. Listed and/or approved control valves should be installed at maximum intervals not exceeding 5,000 feet on supply lines and at maximum intervals not exceeding 1,200 feet on main distribution loops, feeders and all primary branches connected to the supply lines. Such control valves should also be installed at selected points throughout the distribution system to provide system control over each service area. At intersections of distribution mains, one less control valve than the total number of intersecting mains may be provided. As an aid in determining the minimum number of sectional control valves, the mission importance of the building/facility should be considered, as well as the number of fire and domestic systems affected in a potential line failure. 4.2.7.4 Fire Pumps. NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of fire pumps and controllers. Pumps should be sized to meet the system demand without exceeding 120 percent of rated capacity.27 The system of pumps and drivers should be designed such that loss of primary electrical power will not prevent the system from meeting the design demand. This objective may be accomplished for general service systems by providing a diesel generator as an DOE-STD-1066-2016

22 auxiliary electrical power source or by providing a diesel-driven fire pump. 4.2.7.5 Standpipe and Hose Systems. NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of standpipes. Standpipes should be installed in all structures having three levels or more above or below grade. Additional standpipes should be provided, as necessary, to protect areas where laying of hoselines is problematic because of ventilation, security, or other reasons. 4.2.7.6 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of automatic sprinkler systems. 28 4.2.7.6.1 To account for possible occupancy fluctuations, occupancy classification for a sprinkler system should not be less than Ordinary Hazard Group 1. 4.2.7.6.2 Hydraulically designed sprinkler systems shall be designed for a supply pressure of at least 10 percent, but not less than 10 pounds per square inch, below the water supply curve to provide a pressure margin to accommodate minor system modifications or degradation of the water supply and sprinkler systems that may occur over time. 4.2.7.6.3 When the building is seismically designed, the design of sway bracing for seismic supports of sprinkler piping shall meet site-specific acceleration criteria. These requirements may exceed the minimum seismic bracing requirements of NFPA 13. 4.2.7.7 Water Spray Systems. NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, is the applicable NFPA standard for water spray systems. 4.2.7.8 Special Suppression Systems. When automatic sprinkler or water spray systems cannot be safely employed or need to be supplemented, an analysis of alternative approaches should be performed by, or under the direction of, an FPE. The analysis should consider, initial design and installation cost and the long-term cost of ITM of the system over its useful life, especially where access for the performance of increased ITM activities may be difficult due to security or radiological concerns.29 4.2.7.8.1 NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, and NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, are the applicable NFPA standards for design and installation of foam systems. 4.2.7.8.2 NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of carbon dioxide systems. 4.2.7.8.3 NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of dry chemical extinguishing systems where provided. NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of wet chemical extinguishing systems. 4.2.7.8.4 NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of water mist fire protection systems. DOE-STD-1066-2016 23 4.2.7.8.5 NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of clean agent fire extinguishing systems. 4.2.7.8.6 NFPA 2010, Standard for Fixed Aerosol Fire Extinguishing Systems, is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of fixed aerosol fire extinguishing systems. 4.2.8 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

4.2.8.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.c.(3)(f)) requires a means to notify responders and building occupants in case of fire. 4.2.8.1.1 DOE O 420.1C requires a means to notify responders and building occupants in case of fire. As a minimum, a manual notification method, such as telephone, radio, or manual fire alarm boxes, shall be available for all facilities. When required, a fire alarm system shall be provided for DOE facilities to monitor fire suppression and detection systems, to notify occupants, to perform safety functions, and to notify emergency responders. 4.2.8.1.2 A fire alarm system shall be provided for DOE buildings to monitor fire suppression and detection systems, to notify occupants, to perform safety functions, and to notify emergency responders. 4.2.8.2 NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, is the applicable NFPA standard for design, installation, and maintenance of fire detection and alarm systems, including circuits and pathways, initiation devices, and audible and visual alarm devices.30 4.2.8.2.1 Circuits and Pathways. At a minimum, all pathways should be designed with Pathway Survivability Level 1, unless an FHA or other appropriate design documentation indicates that a higher survivability level is required.31 4.2.8.2.2 Signaling line circuits (SLCs) that provide communication between addressable appliances and control panels over which multiple input and output signals are transmitted shall be designed as Class A, B, or X as determined by an FHA or other appropriate design documentation. SLCs that provide communication between local fire alarm control panels (FACPs) and the main or master fire alarm control station or panel should be designed as Class A or Class X. SLCs that provide communication between networked FACPs should be designed as Class A or Class X between each node on the network. 4.2.8.2.3 Notification Appliances. When a public address system or other voice notification is provided and that system is evaluated and approved by the AHJ to be as reliable as the fire alarm system (e.g., backup power supply, circuit and speaker supervision), this system may be used as an acceptable portion of the fire alarm notification.32 4.3 PROCESS FIRE SAFETY 4.3.1 Gases. The following NFPA standards are applicable for the design and installation of storage and distribution systems and sub-systems for flammable and other hazardous compressed gases: NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code; NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals; NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas DOE-STD-1066-2016 24 Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes; NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code; NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code; NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code; and NFPA 801.33 4.3.2 Combustible Mists and Vapors. Processes that create or have the potential to create combustible mist and vapors shall be designed to (a) monitor accumulations of vapors and provide an alarm set at 25 percent of the lower flammable limit and (b) control the accumulation of combustible residues in adjacent areas and ductwork. (See NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems; and NFPA 91.) 4.3.3 Flammable and Combustible Liquids. NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, is the applicable NFPA standard for the design of storage and distribution of systems and sub-systems for flammable and combustible liquids.

4.3.4 Combustible Dusts. NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, is the applicable NFPA standard for design of facilities that use or create combustible dusts. 4.3.5 Combustible Metals. NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals, is the applicable NFPA standard, complemented by the applicable FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheets and DOE-HDBK-1081-2014, Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity, for the design of facilities that store, use, or process combustible metals. Additional features may be required to address the added hazards associated with radioactive materials that are not addressed in consensus codes and standards. 4.3.6 Furnaces. NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, is the applicable NFPA standard for the design and installation of furnaces. New process furnaces shall be provided with a system for automatically shutting off the gas and purging with inert gas in the event of power failure, loss of coolant water, loss of exhaust ventilation, oven temperature, or detection of combustible gas in the vicinity of the furnace. 4.3.7 Carbon Monoxide Gas. NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, is the applicable NFPA standard for the design and installation of carbon monoxide detection systems where required by the use of permanently installed natural gas or propane fired equipment within a structure. 4.4 DOE-SPECIFIC FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS 4.4.1 Facilities Containing Radioactive and Other Hazardous Materials 4.4.1.1 NFPA 801 is the applicable NFPA standard for the design, construction, and use of Hazard Category 2 and 3 nuclear facilities.34 NFPA standards (801, 803-806) for nuclear reactors are the appropriate NFPA standards, as applicable, for design and construction of Hazard Category 1 nuclear facilities. 4.4.1.2 Light hazard automatic sprinkler density, according to NFPA 13 shall not be used. DOE-STD-1066-2016 25 4.4.1.3 If the facility’s interior surfaces are contaminated, or if a fire could result in the release of radioactive material, the fire suppression water shall be contained, monitored, and treated as necessary. The containment system shall be capable of collecting fire suppression water for a minimum of 30 minutes’ flow expected from sprinkler and hose systems during an anticipated fire event.35 4.4.1.4 Additional fire protection features may be determined based on the FHA in concert with the Documented Safety Analysis (DSA) or other safety basis documentation. (Note: Appendix A provides further information applicable to new SC and SS fire protection systems for Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities.) 4.4.1.5 Process confinement systems shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. 36 4.4.1.6 Storage racks for special nuclear materials shall be constructed of non-combustible materials and designed to (a) securely hold storage containers in place, and (b) maintain structural integrity under fire conditions. 4.4.1.7 Where required as a confinement barrier, the confinement structure and supporting members shall be able to withstand anticipated fire conditions along with failure of any fire suppression system. The fire resistance rating of the confinement structure shall exceed the maximum fire exposure and duration anticipated, and in any event shall not be less than 2 hours. This rating shall be achieved by use of structural features (concrete slabs, walls, beams, and columns) and not by use of a composite assembly (membrane fireproofing).37

4.4.2 Gloveboxes, Hot Cells, and Canyons 4.4.2.1 Hot cells and canyons shall be constructed of non-combustible or fire-resistive material. 4.4.2.2 If oil filled windows are used for radiation shielding, they shall be protected with an automatic fire suppression system designed for the hazard, fire shutters, or other physical protection means, as required by the FHA. 4.4.2.3 AGS-G010, Standard of Practice for Glovebox Fire Protection, provides requirements and guidance for the protection of gloveboxes from fire.38 4.4.2.4 When inerting is used for fire prevention, the level of inerting shall be sufficient to prevent ignition of the material(s) present both during normal operations and under potential accident conditions identified in the FHA39 or safety basis documentation. A safety factor should be included in establishing the inert gas design concentration to compensate for errors in instrumentation or other conditions that might lead to an increase in oxygen level.40 Oxygen levels should be monitored and high oxygen alarms be annunciated at a constantly attended location to facilitate timely restoration of the inert atmosphere or the establishment of adequate compensatory measures until the inert atmosphere is re-established. 4.4.2.5 Requirements for deflagration mitigation and prevention are identified in NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting, and NFPA 69. DOE-STD-1066-2016 26 4.4.2.6 When a non-listed fire suppression system is employed, the system should satisfy the intent of the applicable code. Where no code is available that addresses a particular system, efficacy should be demonstrated through calculation, fire modeling, or fire testing, and approved by the AHJ. 4.4.3 Fume Hoods 4.4.3.1 Hoods and hood installations shall meet the requirements of NFPA 801 and NFPA 45. 4.4.3.2 Hoods should be made of non-combustible materials and capable of maintaining a negative pressure environment relative to the room whenever toxic, flammable, or other hazardous chemicals are located within the hood. 4.4.3.3 A hood shall be provided with a fire suppression system where required by NFPA 45, unless otherwise determined, as allowed, in an FHA or appropriate analysis.41 4.4.4 Nuclear Confinement Ventilation System Fire Protection42 4.4.4.1 Fire protection in or around nuclear confinement ventilation systems shall be designed to accomplish the following objectives: (a) prevent fires from affecting the operation of the ventilation system; (b) protect the filtration function; and, (c) prevent the release of material that has accumulated on filters.43 4.4.4.1.1 Alternate confinement ventilation system protection strategies to the prescriptive requirements established in paragraphs 4.4.4.2 through 4.4.4.18.3 are permitted. The technical adequacy of the alternate protective strategy shall be demonstrated by an analysis that establishes the quantitative fire demand that could potentially be created in the rooms and compartments served by the ventilation system. Such analysis shall be approved by DOE and summarized in the FHA. 4.4.4.1.2 The alternate protection strategy should demonstrate that the fire demand estimates do not exceed the filter performance capabilities. In addition, the potential for fires starting inside the filter ducts or plenums, or room fires that expose ventilation system components necessary to maintain the confinement function, shall be evaluated and control strategies established to minimize the potential for significant unfiltered radioactive releases. Emergency response procedures to actively manage a fire event with filter damage should be one of the control strategies addressed in the analysis.

4.4.4.2 Filter Housing Construction. ASME AG-1, Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment, provides requirements for the performance, design, construction, acceptance testing, and quality assurance of HEPA filters and other components used in nuclear ventilation exhaust systems.44 4.4.4.2.1 When nuclear HEPA filters serve as the final means of cleaning, DOE-HDBK-1169-2003, Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook, calls for a minimum of two stages of HEPA filters arranged in series in the final filter plenum for the primary confinement zone. The two stages of DOE-STD-1066-2016 27 HEPA filtration are typically arranged in series in the final filter plenum for secondary confinement zones. This is appropriate for both primary and secondary confinement zones. 4.4.4.3 Location of Final Filter Assembly Ventilation System Equipment. Final filter assemblies and associated duct work and fans should be protected against exposure fires capable of affecting the operation of the filtration system. Filter assemblies and associated fans located inside buildings should be separated from all other parts of the building by two-hour fire-rated construction. Buildings and the room/enclosure around the filter assembly and fans should be provided with appropriate fire protection systems. 4.4.4.3.1 In addition to the two-hour fire-rated separation recommended above, filter assemblies and associated fans located on the roof of buildings should be protected against exposure fires either by fire barriers or spatial separation. 4.4.4.3.2 Separate buildings which house filter plenums should be a minimum of: (a) two-hour fire-rated construction when located less than five feet from an adjacent building; (b) one- hour fire-rated construction when located more than five feet, but not more than 20 feet from an adjacent building; (c) unprotected, non-combustible construction, when greater than 20 feet, provided that no unprotected openings occur in the adjacent building; and, (d) if unprotected openings exist in an adjacent structure, the minimum exposure distance determined by analysis to be acceptable. Filter plenum housings need not be fire-rated or separated from an adjacent building if the adjacent building wall is of minimum two-hour fire-rated construction with no unprotected openings. 4.4.4.3.3 Filter plenums located near combustible or flammable liquid storage buildings or tanks (including cryogenic liquified gas tanks) should be located not less than 50 feet away from the buildings or tanks and should be housed in minimum two-hour fire-rated construction. If such tanks or storage buildings exist on the premises, the minimum exposure distance for a non-combustible filter plenum enclosure should be determined by analysis. 4.4.4.3.4 NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives, NFPA 90A, and the IBC provide guidance on the protection of openings in fire-rated construction. 4.4.4.3.5 Fire dampers are not required when ducting penetrates one-hour or less fire-rated construction. For such arrangements, the duct should pass through the wall and extend into both adjoining areas, which shall be completely protected by an automatic fire suppression system. Transfer grills and other similar openings without ducting should be provided with an approved damper.

4.4.4.3.6 Fire dampers should not be used in ducting that is part of a nuclear air filtration system required to function continuously as part of the confinement system. Such ducting should be protected from exposure fires up to the rating of the barrier being penetrated, or alternatively, the ducting itself can be shown capable of withstanding a two-hour exposure fire. The means of guaranteeing duct integrity should be addressed in the FHA and be based as needed on fire testing and engineering analysis.45 4.4.4.3.7 Small filter plenums that serve as a final filter and have a total leading surface area of 12 square feet or less may be located in buildings protected throughout with an automatic fire DOE-STD-1066-2016 28 sprinkler system that is designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13. In such cases, additional fire separation is not necessary. 4.4.4.4 Walk-in Filter Plenums. Filter plenum enclosures shall be used only for ventilation control equipment. Transient combustible materials, and spare filters shall not be stored in such enclosures. 4.4.4.5 Electrical Equipment. NFPA 70 is the applicable NFPA standard for design and installation of all electrical equipment located in a filter plenum enclosure. All electrical wiring located in a filter plenum enclosure shall be installed inside metal conduit.46 4.4.4.6 Protection of the final filters plenum from dust and particulate loading should be accomplished by using duct entrance filters or prefilters or a combination of both. The following subsections provide additional guidance. 4.4.4.6.1 Gloveboxes, hot cells, and fume hoods connected to containment ventilation systems should be provided with duct entrance filters. The prefilters should meet ASME AG-1, Section FJ, “Low Efficiency Filters” or Section FB “Medium Efficiency Filters” requirements with a minimum rating of MERV 5 based on ASHRAE 52.2, (2012), Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. 4.4.4.6.2 High efficiency prefilters47 should be provided in the ventilation system to protect the final HEPA filters from: (a) particles with diameters larger than 1 or 2 microns; (b) lint; and (c) dust concentrations greater than 10 grains per 1,000 cubic feet. Such prefilters should meet ASME AG-1 Section FB "Medium Efficiency Filters" requirements with a minimum rating on MERV 9 based on ASHRAE 52.2 (2012), Method of Testing General Ventilation Air- Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. 4.4.4.6.3 Prefilters located in final filter plenums enclosure should meet ASME AG-1, Section FB requirements. These prefilters should be located at least 36 inches upstream from the final HEPA filters. 4.4.4.7 When airborne materials are known to be combustible (such as metal powders), replaceable prefilters should be located as near to the source as practical, but without posing an unacceptable radioactive hazard to personnel when changing the prefilters. 4.4.4.8 Fire screens should be located upstream from prefilters and final filter plenums.48 Duct entrance filters may not require fire screens unless a significant amount of combustible materials is expected to be present in the exhaust stream exiting the duct. 4.4.4.9 Pyrophoric Metals. When operations or processes involve pyrophoric materials that may cause deposition of pyrophoric particulates on a final filter, a method to remove such particles (such as a prefilter or duct entrance filter) should be installed between the source of the material and the final filter.

4.4.4.10 Fire Detection. NFPA 72 is the applicable NFPA standard for design, installation, and testing of fire detection systems. Rate-compensated type heat detectors or line type heat detection cable approved for the specified use should be provided in the enclosure for the final filter. DOE-STD-1066-2016 29 Such detectors should be of the 190o F temperature range, unless operations require higher temperature air flows. These detectors can also operate the automatic deluge sprinklers without the need for a second set of detectors dedicated for that purpose. 4.4.4.10.1 Airflow should be considered when determining detector location. Detectors should be arranged to detect a fire in the first stage HEPA filters, which may necessitate locating detectors on both sides (upstream and downstream) of the first stage HEPA filters.49 Control units and signaling alarm systems connected to the heat detectors should be listed for their intended purpose. 4.4.4.10.2 If an automatic deluge system actuated by pilot sprinklers has been installed in the final filter enclosure, heat detectors are not required in the ducting or the filter enclosure, unless otherwise directed by the AHJ. 4.4.4.10.3 Heat detection systems should be designed and installed to allow for regular testing. Remote testing should be provided for detectors that are made inaccessible by unacceptable hazards. Remote testing of detectors may be accomplished by use of heating strips or coils that can be energized by a separate control unit. If a line-type heat detection system is used, a heat testing pad should be provided outside the plenum for operability testing of the system. 4.4.4.10.4 When high contamination levels are not expected in the final filter enclosure, detectors may be installed to allow removal for testing. 4.4.4.11 Temperature Control from Fire Exposure. In fire events filters should be protected from overheating and potential ignition. Filter cooling should be accomplished by dilution air, or a water-based automatic suppression system, or both.50 Such cooling equipment shall be treated as a required support system when the ventilation equipment is relied on for nuclear safety purposes (e.g., classified as SC or SS). 4.4.4.11.1 Automatic deluge spray systems provided upstream of the HEPAs should be designed according to the applicable provisions of NFPA 13 and NFPA 15, with the following additional guidance:51 (a) density - water spray density should be 0.25 gpm per sq. ft. over the entire filter area or 1 gpm per 500 cubic feet per minute (cfm) air flow, whichever is greater; (b) sprinkler type - spray sprinklers with fusible elements and caps removed, or open spray nozzles approved for fire protection applications; (c) location from prefilters or demisters: the spray pattern of the deluge sprinklers/nozzles should be in the form of a downward vertical water curtain approximately 6 inches in front of the prefilter or demister, with spacing such that each sprinkler/nozzle does not exceed 4 lineal feet of curtain coverage; and (d) activation by detection: a deluge system should operate upon activation of fire alarm system heat detectors or pilot sprinklers, located in either the final ducting or filter plenum housing. The automatic system should be equipped with a locked bypass valve that can be manually opened if the detection system for the deluge valve fails to operate.

4.4.4.12 Filter Plugging. HEPA filters serving as final filters should be protected from excessive pressure drops across the filter media caused by plugging by soot or smoke particles from a fire. Plugging may be prevented or mitigated by suppressing the fire and by providing filters upstream of the final HEPA filters.52 DOE-STD-1066-2016 30 4.4.4.13 Suppression of Fires in Final HEPA Filters. When HEPA filters serve as the final means of preventing a release of radioactive or toxic materials, the filters should be protected by either (a) a fire suppression system capable of preventing an unacceptable release of material accumulated on the filters, or (b) isolation dampers, based on an analysis in the FHA. If the FHA determines that isolation of the damper assembly is insufficient to prevent release of unfiltered air, a water-based suppression system should be provided.53 4.4.4.14 Isolation Dampers. If airtight isolation dampers are provided in the inlet and outlet ducts to prevent the release of radioactive material accumulated on the final filters resulting from a filter fire, these dampers should be remote-operated from a safe location. Such dampers and associated equipment shall be treated as a required support system when the ventilation equipment is relied on for nuclear safety purposes (e.g., classified as SC or SS). Isolation dampers should not be used for primary confinement unless a redundant filter bank is provided and equipped with such dampers to maintain active confinement ventilation. 4.4.4.14.1 Manual water spray systems provided in the HEPA enclosure should be designed according to NFPA 15 with the following additional guidance (a) location from filters: open spray nozzles should be horizontally directed at the face of the first stage of HEPA filters so that all areas of the first stage filters and framing support system are wetted; and (b) activation by manual operation: activation should be by manually activating a deluge valve or opening a normally closed indicating gate valve. A similar design density to that of the automatic deluge system should be used. 4.4.4.14.2 Control devices to activate the deluge valve should be provided in the process operator’s control room or other locations accessible to emergency responders. When a deluge valve is used, manual activation may be provided at the deluge valve as well. 4.4.4.15 Deluge Spray Suppression Systems. Automatic and manual deluge systems should be designed to allow for periodic testing without requiring conditions that could result in the spread of contamination.54 4.4.4.16 Demister Guidelines. (a) When automatic deluge or water spray systems are installed in filter housing enclosures, a means to protect HEPA filters from moisture should be provided. One option is to install a demister downstream of the sprinklers/nozzles and upstream of the first stage of HEPA filters. When used, demisters should meet the airflow and moisture removal performance requirements found in ASME AG-1, Article FA-4200. (b) Demisters should be located as far away as possible from the HEPA filters (no less than 36 inches) and at least 6 inches from the sprinklers/nozzles.

4.4.4.17 Water Supply Guidelines. (a) Water supply for a deluge system should be redundant. One of the two water supplies may be a fire department connection, if approved by the AHJ. (b) The water supply for the deluge system should be hydraulically analyzed and shown to be capable of supplying for a minimum of two hours a simultaneous flow of the automatic and manual water spray systems, if provided, together with the overhead automatic sprinkler system for the fire area providing air to the plenum. (c) A minimum two-hour water supply is not required for a “limited water supply system,” discussed below, where justified to prevent accidental criticality events. DOE-STD-1066-2016 31 4.4.4.18 Special System Guidelines 4.4.4.18.1 Water Drains. Water drains with traps and a means to eliminate drain trap evaporation should be provided in plenum floor drains. Plenum floor drains should be piped to either a process waste system or to collection tanks. Process waste systems and collections tanks should be of sufficient capacity to capture all water from the fire suppression systems for the densities and durations required in the FHA. Criticality safety should be observed in all drainage and storage systems when the potential for affecting fissile materials is encountered. 4.4.4.18.2 Limited Water Supply Systems. Limited water supply systems for the fire suppression system(s) should be permitted when a documented criticality potential exists in the final filter plenum. A documented criticality potential should be provided showing criticality calculations and the total amount of water allowed in the plenum enclosure before a limited water supply system is permitted. Limited water supply can be accomplished by either limited capacity water tanks or system water flow control valves. 4.4.4.18.3 Lighting and Window Viewing Ports. Lighting should be provided inside the filter plenum in front of or between the filter banks in the area where automatic and manual sprinklers/nozzles are located. Such lighting may be provided with an on/off switch provided that the switch is located outside the plenum at an accessible location. Window viewing ports made up of wire glass, laminated lead safety glass, or fire-rated glass should be provided for viewing inside the filter plenum. The window viewing ports should be provided at each location where fire protection sprinklers/nozzles are located and should be placed so that all sprinklers/nozzles are visible from outside the filter plenum. 4.4.5 Protection of Essential Electronic/Information Technology Equipment. Unless otherwise directed by the DOE Field Element Manager, high monetary value (over 10 million dollars) and mission essential electronic/information technology equipment shall be designed and installed according to NFPA 75, Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment. The need for supplemental fire protection (such as clean agent systems) shall be determined based on an analysis by, or under the direction of, an FPE with input and concurrence by major stakeholders. Examples of systems that should be considered for supplemental protection include advanced computing systems, mission-critical computing systems, control room computer systems, data storage libraries, and automatic information storage systems. 4.4.6 Subterranean Facilities. Fire protection for subterranean facilities shall meet the requirements in Appendix D of this Standard, “Fire Protection for Subterranean Facilities.”

DOE-STD-1066-2016 32 5 OPERATIONS 5.1 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.d(1)) requires establishment of comprehensive, written fire protection criteria and procedures to implement the following FPP requirements: • Site-specific requirements; • Staff organization, resources, training, roles and responsibilities; • ITM of fire protection systems; • Use and storage of combustible, flammable, radioactive, and hazardous materials; • A “hot-work” control program; • Identification and tracking of fire protection system impairments; • Fire prevention measures (e.g., combustible loading, hot-work, and ignition source controls); • Facility and FHA assessment programs; • Design and construction oversight; and, • Equivalencies, exemptions, modifications, and variances processes. 5.1.1 Site-specific Requirements. Site-specific requirements that form the basis for the FPP shall be documented. Such documentation should address: site size; operation complexity; the need for the protection of the public, workers, and the environment; property value and mission; geography and climate; and, external support facilities available (e.g., emergency response, service contractors). 5.1.2 Staff, Organization, Training, Roles, and Responsibilities. Necessary staffing levels, organizational structure, training requirements, and roles and responsibilities necessary to implement the FPP shall be established and documented. 5.1.3 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance 5.1.3.1 The following NFPA standards are applicable to the ITM program for fire protection features, apparatus and equipment: NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, NFPA 72 for fire detection and alarm systems; NFPA 80, for fire doors and dampers. Other NFPA codes containing ITM requirements may be applicable in certain circumstances. Appendix A of this Standard provides additional ITM requirements for SC and SS fire protection systems. 5.1.3.2 Inspection of fire barrier firestop systems should be performed in accordance with the criteria established in ASTM E 2174-14b, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Stops, and ASTM E 2393-10a, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Resistive Joint Systems and Perimeter Fire Barriers. In accordance with ASTM E 2174 and ASTM E 2393 conflict-of-interest guidelines, inspections, including destructive testing, should not be performed by installers, manufacturers, or suppliers, or competitors of any of these entities, of the material being inspected. 5.1.3.3 Test results should be reviewed by or under the direction of the FPE, the system engineer or other qualified persons and compared to previous data to determine any adverse trends to system performance or reliability. Adverse trending may indicate the need for equipment DOE-STD-1066-2016 33 repair or replacement, more extensive or frequent testing, or a more detailed evaluation of results to anticipate future conditions. 5.1.3.4 Section 11.4 of DOE Administrative Records Schedule 18, “Security, Emergency Planning and Safety Records” provides the requirements for inspection and test records.55 If not specifically addressed in Schedule 18, the records shall be maintained for a minimum of three review cycles, but not less than three years. In addition, responsible authorities should retain records and results of relevant ITM procedures, to facilitate trending, for as long as such equipment remains in service.

5.1.4 Use and Storage of Combustible, Flammable, Radioactive, and Hazardous Materials 5.1.4.1 The FPP shall identify the baseline standards applied to manage the fire safety risks associated with the use and storage of combustible, flammable, radioactive, and other hazardous materials. 5.1.4.2 NFPA 1, Fire Code, and NFPA 400 are the applicable NFPA standards for hazardous materials management plans within the FPP. These plans should be supplemented with FM Global Loss Prevention Section 7 Data Sheets, and the International Fire Code, as applicable. 5.1.4.3 A combustible control program shall be included in FPPs. Additional fire protection measures may be required for nuclear, radiological, high-hazard, explosive, and mission-critical facilities.56 5.1.4.4 Procedures necessary to implement the established controls shall be developed and documented. 5.1.5 Fire Protection System Impairments 5.1.5.1 Procedures shall be developed for assessing the operability of fire protection-related structures, systems, and components and for implementing compensatory measures when the system does not meet the operating requirements. Compensatory measures are determined by, or under the direction of, an FPE based on the significance of the impairment compared to performance objectives. Appendix A of this Standard provides additional requirements for SC and SS fire protection system impairments. 5.1.5.2 The ITM program includes a fire protection system impairment program. This portion of the ITM program should include the process for: (a) approving and initiating impairments; (b) tracking of impairments; and, (c) reporting to DOE when impairments exceed DOE field element-established criteria for reporting and recording.57 5.1.6 Ignition Source Control 5.1.6.1 NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work, is the applicable NFPA standard for control of hot work such as welding, cutting, brazing, and grinding. 5.1.6.2 Fire watch personnel should additionally monitor workers performing hot work or nearby the hot work area, especially where visual observation might impair normal viewing of the work area. DOE-STD-1066-2016 34 5.1.6.3 Control of potential ignition sources, such as space heaters, furnaces, ovens, lighting fixtures, sparks from failing insulation on motors and pumps, static electricity, cooking and temporary electrical equipment, other hot surfaces, and smoking by employees, subcontractors, and visitors, shall be established by site-specific FPP. 5.2 IMPLEMENTATION 5.2.1 Staffing 5.2.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.d.(2)(a)) requires the contractor to ensure that it has access to qualified, trained fire protection staff (including FPEs, technicians, and fire-fighting personnel) needed to implement the FPP.58 5.2.1.2 Emergency response training and qualifications shall be based on established industry criteria, such as those promulgated by the NFPA, and the Center for Public Safety Excellence, and as supplemented by DOE fire safety criteria. As an alternative to DOE directives or applicable NFPA standards, emergency services organization officers and personnel may meet the minimum requirements for training and certifications as established in the BNA and approved by the AHJ.59 5.2.1.3 A training and qualifications program commensurate with their duties shall be established for FPEs and fire protection technicians. This program shall cover DOE-specific FPP elements and application of relevant DOE orders and technical standards.

5.2.1.4 An FPE shall meet the minimum qualifications standards in Section 1.5 of this Standard. Fire protection technicians should meet the standards of National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies. Appendix E of this Standard provides a sample qualification template for lead FPEs. 5.2.2 Design Reviews. The design process shall include appropriate documented reviews by, or under the direction of, an FPE of plans and specifications, design changes, inspections, acceptance testing, and commissioning of fire protection features. DOE-STD-1189-2016 provides design process requirements for nuclear facility design. The design review should be documented in either an FHA or an FPDA (for non-nuclear facilities only), depending upon the complexity of the project. 5.2.3 Relief from DOE Directives, Mandatory Codes and Standards, and the Building Code. Contractors are required by DOE O 420.1C (Chapter II, Section 3.d.(2)(c)) to establish a process for developing and requesting AHJ approval of fire protection equivalencies and exemptions to fire protection requirements. This process should address the development, review, approval, and periodic reevaluation of variances, exemptions, and equivalencies in accordance with applicable rules, directives, and standards.60 Documented requests for relief should be developed by, or under the direction of, the responsible subject matter expert and submitted through the AHJ or Building Code Official to the appropriate approval authority. Table 5.1 summarizes types of relief for various sources of requirements. DOE-STD-1066-2016 35 Table 5.1 Requirements Relief Summary Source of Requirement Type of Relief Concurrence Approval Authority1 10 CFR Part 851 Variance2,3 Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security (AU) Under Secretary DOE O 420.1C Exemption3,4 Central Technical Authority (CTA) for nuclear facilities only Program Secretarial Officer DOE O 420.1C Equivalency3,4 CTA for nuclear facilities only Program Secretarial Officer NFPA Codes and Standards Equivalency5 Subject Matter Expert Head of Field Element Building Code Alternative5 Subject Matter Expert Head of Field Element DOE-STD-1066- 2016 Alternative6 Subject Matter Expert As designated by Head of Field Element Notes: 1. Approval Authority applies to nuclear and non-nuclear facilities. 2. See 10 CFR Part 851 for variances to the Worker Safety and Health Rule. 3. Variances to 10 CFR Part 851 and exemptions and equivalencies to DOE O 420.1C are typically submitted to the responsible Secretarial Office through the DOE field element, with the DOE field element providing a recommendation for action. 4. See DOE O 251.1C for exemptions and equivalencies for DOE O 420.1C. 5. An exemption from applicable NFPA codes and standards, or the Building Code, requires an exemption from DOE O 420.1C. 6. DOE O 420.1C requires that any alternate approach to DOE-STD-1066-2016 provides an equivalent level of safety. The DOE field element provides approval of the FPP. The site-wide FPP is used to catalogue where alternate approaches to DOE-STD-1066-2016, in whole or in part, are adopted. 5.2.4 Delegated Authority 5.2.4.1 DOE O 420.1C (Section 5.c.(6)) assigns the responsibilities for the AHJ to the DOE Heads of Field Elements under advisement of an FPE as the subject matter expert.

5.2.4.2 The DOE Head of Field Element may approve generic equivalencies to specific standard or code requirements. In such cases, the contractor would apply the generic equivalencies by identifying and documenting specific instances that meet the criteria established in the approved generic equivalencies. 5.2.4.3 The Heads of Field Elements may designate a contractor as the site’s AHJ to act as DOE’s representative for routine activities.61 DOE retains the right to override decisions of the contractor, including the interpretation and application of DOE orders, guides, standards, and mandatory codes and standards. 5.2.4.4 A contractor AHJ shall maintain a current written record of all delegations made by DOE for fire protection activities. DOE-STD-1066-2016 36 5.2.4.5 DOE O 420.1C (Section 5.d.(7)) assigns the responsibilities for the Building Code Official to the DOE Head of Field Element for the purposes of enforcement. The DOE Head of Field Element may delegate, to the contractor, responsibility for routine code activities, but may not delegate approval authority for alternatives to building code requirements. 5.3 LEASED FACILITIES 5.3.1 A graded approach should be used in application of fire protection requirements to leased facilities, with emphasis on DOE criteria for personnel safety and protection of DOE programs and property. The graded approach should be tailored to the leased facility according to (a) facility hazard; (b) DOE liabilities for injuries and accidents; (c) mission importance; and (d) remaining facility lifetime. The graded approach should be determined by, or under the direction of, an FPE and approved by the AHJ. Prior to signing any lease agreement, the lessee or its designee should implement the actions set forth below. 5.3.1.1 Perform a fire protection assessment of the facility to verify the adequacy of life safety and fire protection features of the space, including limiting the loss of government-owned equipment to limits established by DOE and potential mission interruption. Facilities and operations that are determined to need additional safety features and/or supplemental fire protection should be provided with such protection or compensatory measures prior to leasing. 5.3.1.2 Communicate to the owner all fire protection deficiencies (measured against the applicable industry codes) within the facility/structure. Verify that closure of deficiencies affecting life safety, DOE-owned equipment, and mission objectives will be tracked to resolution. Any pre-leasing agreements should describe the process in which fire protection deficiencies within the leased space will be corrected and funded before occupancy (such as installing special extinguishing systems), or after occupancy (such as general maintenance upgrades). 5.3.1.3 Specify responsibilities in the lease agreement, and participate and partner with the local jurisdiction’s fire department in developing their pre-incident plan for leased facilities situated outside DOE site boundaries (i.e., off-site facilities). 5.3.1.4 Specify in the lease agreement DOE and owner responsibilities for coordinating and participating in evacuation exercises for off-site facilities. 5.3.1.5 Reach agreement on the scope and frequency of DOE-conducted and owner-conducted fire protection assessments. In general, the owner would be responsible for assessing off-site leased facilities in accordance with local jurisdictions and the DOE contractor would be responsible for assessing leased facilities within the site’s jurisdiction.

5.3.1.6 Specify in the lease agreement the DOE and owner responsibilities for ITM of facility fire protection systems in accordance with local jurisdiction building and fire code requirements. In general, the owner would be responsible for off-site assessments with local jurisdictions and the DOE contractor organization would be responsible for assessments of leased facilities within the jurisdiction of a site’s FPP and ITM of supplemental fire protection installed for DOE- owned equipment and operations. DOE-STD-1066-2016 37 5.3.1.7 For leased facilities that are located off-site, verify that the leased building’s hazardous materials control areas, as defined in the local jurisdiction’s building code, have been documented. When applicable, the lease agreement should specify the way in which the maximum allowable quantities of hazardous materials will be apportioned to the DOE contractor and to any other tenants in the building. Hazardous materials control for leased facilities under the jurisdiction of a site-wide FPP should be in accordance with Section 5.1.4 of this Standard. 5.3.1.8 Specify in the lease agreement the lessee and owner roles and responsibilities for control of hot work operations in the facility. 5.3.1.9 Specify in the lease agreement that all fire protection assessments, ITM records, and hot work operations will be available to the local AHJ, the facility owner, and the DOE contractor. 5.3.1.10 For off-site leased facilities, specify in the lease agreement the lessee and owner roles and responsibilities for addressing owner-initiated impairments and responding to and resolving out-of-service components in facility fire protection systems. 5.3.1.11 Leased facilities should not be used for Hazard Category 1, 2, or 3 nuclear facilities, radiological facilities, or explosive handling facilities unless approved for such use by the responsible DOE Head of Field Element with concurrence from the CTA (for Hazard Category 1, 2, or 3 facilities). Such leased facilities should meet all construction and operating requirements that a new DOE-owned facility would be required to meet, including the applicable requirements of this Standard. 5.3.1.12 Off-site leased facilities shall transmit building fire alarms to an Underwriters Laboratories listed central station, unless otherwise approved by the AHJ. DOE-STD-1066-2016 38 6 EMERGENCY RESPONSE DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.e) requires contractors to provide emergency response capabilities, as necessary, to meet site needs, as established by the BNA, safety basis documentation, and applicable regulations, and in codes and standards. A comprehensive, multi-faceted emergency response capability can be achieved in a number of ways. These approaches include: on-site emergency response organizations, such as the fire departments and fire brigades that currently exist at many DOE sites; off-site fire departments; or a combination of both. Department of Defense (DoD) 6055.06-M, DoD Fire and Emergency Services Certification Program, may be used as a guide to assist in meeting the requirements of this section. Regardless of the approach, DOE’s overall objective is to maintain adequate emergency response capabilities to effectively and safely respond to and mitigate credible emergency incidents, including fire, emergency medical and applicable operations. Emergency response includes resources and command capabilities for the initial incident management of emergency events of Type 4 complexity as defined by the National Incident Management System (NIMS).

6.1 BASELINE NEEDS ASSESSMENT 6.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3e (1)) requires the BNA to address facility hazards, response capabilities, response time requirements, staffing levels and training, apparatus and equipment, mutual aid agreements, and procedures.62 6.1.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, 3.e(1)(c)) requires the BNA to be submitted to the DOE Field Element for approval. 6.1.1.2 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, 3.e(1)(d)) requires the BNA to be reviewed at least every three years or when a significant new hazard is introduced, and updated as necessary. The BNA should be submitted for approval triennially or on a schedule acceptable to the AHJ and when significant changes are made. 6.1.2 The BNA should be prepared by knowledgeable and experienced individuals and address compliance with the governing requirements, codes and standards, and site-specific conditions that are applicable to the emergency response organization.63 In addition, the BNA should describe the organization's various programs that support its personnel. Such programs include training, physical fitness, and medical programs relating to emergency responders. 6.1.3 If an on-site fire department or fire brigade will be relied on to provide complete emergency response, the BNA should delineate the full scope of its capabilities including: mission responsibilities, personnel, apparatus, equipment, facilities, programs, and incident reporting. 6.1.4 If off-site emergency response organizations are relied on completely to satisfy the emergency response requirement, the BNA should define the DOE emergency response needs compared to the services available from the off-site organization and identify the gaps between the needs and the available services.64 DOE-STD-1066-2016 39 6.1.5 If a combination of on-site and off-site emergency services response organizations is relied on, a comprehensive emergency response capability should be demonstrated based on a combination of the efforts described above.65 6.1.6 The BNA should also include a review of the emergency response organization’s activities and permitted practices that may increase response time or result in reduced staffing for DOE site needs.66 6.1.7 Information related to the site emergency response organization, such as the number of emergency responders, number and types of apparatus, and response time, should be incorporated into the site’s emergency plans, the FHAs, and the safety basis documentation. These plans establish a minimum level below which compensating safeguards and/or the restriction of hazardous operations should be applied.67 6.1.8 The BNA should be based on responding to a single significant emergency event, such as a fire or explosion that includes a casualty requiring medical assistance, and at the same time responding to a one-person medical emergency, such as a heart attack or fall with injuries. 6.1.9 The BNA should describe how the fire department will respond if a second incident occurred while the first was underway. The second response capability may be based on documented mutual aid agreements and use of some percentage of off-duty personnel overtime. To the extent that an insufficient response capability is determined to exist for this second incident emergency, the BNA should address any supplemental emergency response resources and response times that would be needed to respond to this event.

6.1.10 The BNA should describe how the fire department will respond if the initial emergency incident expanded in complexity (such as multiple operating periods and/or initial response resources beyond NIMS Type 4). This description includes the availability and use of additional alarm assignments and discussion on the command structure methodology used in supporting the site’s emergency plan in addressing Operational Emergencies addressed in the DOE O 151.1C, Comprehensive Emergency Management System. This discussion should identify the limits of the Fire Department’s response capabilities, situations that may call for defensive tactical strategies, and limit situations for the site’s emergency management system and external emergency response assistance. The BNA shall be coordinated with, and incorporate the elements and requirements of site emergency response plans to provide a complete, seamless and effective response capability. 6.1.11 If the Fire Department also provides emergency services to others, unless dedicated Fire Department services are reserved for protection of the site, the BNA should address the potential for off-site fire response concurrent with an on-site response, including the potential for delayed response or a resource-limited response and resulting potential risks and vulnerabilities. 6.1.12 Where on-site staff (i.e., emergency response teams or ERTs) supplements professional Fire Department services as first responders or HAZMAT teams, the BNA should evaluate and address such resources based their availability, training, and qualifications. DOE-STD-1066-2016 40 6.2 DOE FIRE DEPARTMENT RESOURCES 6.2.1 Fire Stations 6.2.1.1 Where new DOE site fire stations are constructed or significantly modified, the provisions of Section 4 of this Standard apply.68 Fire stations providing initial response resources to defense nuclear and other significant missions should be designed to withstand natural phenomena events and ensure delivery of emergency response resources as appropriate. 6.2.1.2 New fire stations shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable Facility Safety Chapter in NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program. 6.2.1.3 Fire stations should be located to meet time objectives established by NFPA 1710, Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments.69 6.2.2 Fire Department Apparatus 6.2.2.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.e) requires that emergency response capabilities meet site needs as established by the BNA, safety basis requirements, and applicable regulations, codes and standards. Meeting site needs includes procuring of fire department apparatus.70 6.2.2.2 NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, NFPA 1906, Wildland Fire Apparatus, and NFPA 1911, Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus are the applicable NFPA standards for fire apparatus. Procedures shall be established and implemented to maintain and eventually replace outdated equipment.71 Fire apparatus’ not meeting applicable NFPA standards or exceeding 25 years in service shall be replaced. 6.2.2.3 Reserve apparatus, if used, shall be properly maintained and equipped to provide the intended backup response capability.

6.2.3 Fire Department Staffing 6.2.3.1 NFPA 1710 and NFPA 1500 are the applicable NFPA standards for determining the minimum number of trained fire-fighters necessary to begin interior structural fire-fighting. In addition, the following OSHA rules are applicable: 29 CFR Section 1910.156, Fire Brigades; and 29 CFR Section 1910.134(g)(4) (two-in-two-out rule).72 6.2.3.2 The minimum number of personnel required for fire-fighting, hazardous material incidents, specialized rescue, or other related events, shall be based on the OSHA two-in-two-out rule, NFPA guidelines, pre-incident fire planning, and the judgment of trained and experienced incident commanders.73 DOE-STD-1066-2016 41 6.2.3.3 Management and support functions should also be considered when developing staffing needs for an emergency response organization.74 6.2.3.4 NFPA 600, Standard on Facility Fire Brigades, is the applicable NFPA standard for staffing and operation of fire brigades. 6.2.4 Emergency Communications 6.2.4.1 NFPA 1710 requires the establishment of reliable communication systems. 6.2.4.2 NFPA 1710 and NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System and Command Safety, are the applicable NFPA standards for ensuring emergency radio communications are compatible with other organizations involved in emergency response. 6.2.4.3 New emergency communications systems shall be designed, installed and maintained consistent with the performance standards identified in NFPA 1221, Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Systems. 6.2.5 Training Certification and Drills 6.2.5.1 NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, is the applicable standard for emergency responder training. All DOE fire departments shall have a training program and policy that ensure that members are trained and competency is maintained to execute all responsibilities consistent with the Department's organization and deployment.75 6.2.5.2 Drills and exercises should be structured to emphasize realistic scenarios and feature standard, and special fire department tactical evolutions. Such drills should also be scheduled, as appropriate, during weekends and evening shifts, when normal activities are reduced. 6.2.5.3 Adequate facilities shall be made available for training consistent with the training requirements identified above.76 6.2.5.4 Fire department staff should be certified under state programs when available. When a state program is not available, certification may be done by an organization approved by the DOE Head of Field Element (for example, a certification program from an adjoining state).77 6.2.5.5 To the extent possible, common base qualifications for company and command officers should be used to facilitate interoperability between Sites. The Emergency Management Issues Special Interest Group (EMI-SIG) Field and First Responders Subcommittee Recommended Practice, DOE/NNSA Company and Command Officer Baseline Qualifications should be used in site qualification programs to the extent relevant. DOE-STD-1066-2016 42 6.3 PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, 3.e.(2)) requires that pre-incident strategies, plans, and standard operating procedures be established to enhance the effectiveness of manual fire suppression activities, including areas within or adjacent to, moderator-controlled areas. The criticality safety staff is required to review pre-incident plans and procedures related to moderator-controlled areas.

6.3.1 NFPA 1620, Standard for Pre-Incident Planning, is the applicable NFPA standard for development of pre-incident plans. The provisions of this code are complemented by input from the site fire protection engineering staff, facility subject matter experts, and emergency responders. 6.3.2 Pre-incident fire plans should be developed in accordance with standard practices within the emergency services community and DOE expectations, as reflected in published guidelines. The format of such plans may be established by the organization providing the emergency response. 6.4 FIREFIGHTING ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 6.4.1 Procedures for firefighting activities involving special hazards shall be developed and maintained.78 The FHAs and safety basis documentation should reflect firefighting strategies when rapid intervention may not be possible (for example, in areas covered by criticality control) and when fixed fire protection systems may no longer be available as in transitional facilities. (See Appendix F of this Standard for additional information.)79 6.4.2 Fire-fighting procedures should address delays related to security and nuclear safety concerns. 6.4.3 Emergency response organizations responsible for firefighting activities should be informed of transitional planning and should revise pre-incident planning activities as necessary to accommodate the facility transition. When practicable, the emergency response organization should be given access to the facility to review firefighting strategies and to use the facility for training activities. 6.4.4 DOE O 471.6, Admin Chg. 2, Information Security, provides protection and notification requirements for access to classified information by non-cleared individuals during an emergency. 6.5 FIRE DEPARTMENT REPORTING 6.5.1 DOE O 231.1B, Admin Chg. 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting, provides DOE reporting requirements for emergency responses. Emergency response records shall be based on standard fire incident reporting practices, such as the National Fire Incident Reporting System or NFPA 901, Standard Classifications for Incident Reporting and Fire Protection Data. Where off-site fire response is provided to a DOE owned or leased facility, such responding organizations should make available to the AHJ all logs or reports completed for the incident in the organization’s standard reporting format. The AHJ or designee should then incorporate this information into the DOE O 231.1B data collection system. DOE-STD-1066-2016 43 7 FACILITY FIRE PROTECTION EVALUATIONS 7.1 FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS The purpose of an FHA is to assess the hazards of and potential damage from fire and verify that fire safety objectives are met. The FHA usually is broken down by building, but may be further broken down into fire areas. The FHA is also a vital tool for incorporating appropriate fire protection criteria into designs in accordance with DOE-STD-1189-2016, and for demonstrating compliance with DOE orders and standards, building codes requirements, and industry fire protection standards. An FHA may be required for facilities other than buildings if the value and hazard warrant. Additionally, the FHA may incorporate facilities, other than buildings, when they are exposed to or are integral to the building operations. 7.1.1 Building/Facility FHA

7.1.1.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.f (1)) requires FHAs to be prepared using a graded approach for (a) Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities and major modifications thereto; (b) facilities that represent unique fire safety risks; (c) new facilities, or modifications to existing facilities with value greater than $167 million (in 2016 dollars), and (d) when directed by the responsible DOE authority. 7.1.1.2 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Sections 3.f.(1)(b) and (c)) requires the FHA be updated, as needed, when changes occur to the facility structure or layout, processes, occupancy, safety basis documentation, or the BNA impacts the analysis in the FHA. The FHA shall be reviewed and updated, as necessary, at a minimum of every three years. 7.1.2 Documented Fire Protection Design Review and Analysis 7.1.2.1 An FPDA should be performed to ensure that FPP requirements are documented and incorporated into plans and specifications for new buildings and significant modifications to existing buildings (See Section 4.1.1 of this Standard). 7.1.2.2 For Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities, new facilities that represent a unique fire safety risk, facilities valued over $167 million (in 2016 dollars), or when directed by the responsible DOE authority, the FPDA should be documented in a Preliminary/Project FHA that will be converted or incorporated into the facility FHA after project completion. 7.1.2.3 The FPDA and Preliminary/Project FHA should be of sufficient detail to identify applicable design criteria for meeting the fire safety objectives. The Preliminary/Project FHA should be used to justify design decisions, where required, when one or more solution is available, when multiple protection approaches are necessary, or where prescriptive requirements do not adequately address the situation encountered. 7.1.3 Transitional FHA 7.1.3.1 Transitional facilities have been shut down (i.e., are no longer operational) and may be in surveillance and maintenance mode or undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). The need for fire protection features in such facilities should be governed by the DOE-STD-1066-2016 44 consequences of a fire to the public, workers, and fire-fighters, and the potential for a release of hazardous and radiological materials.80 See Appendix F of this Standard for guidance on transitional facilities. 7.1.3.2 For transitional facilities covered by DOE O 420.1C, and when directed by the DOE Field Element, a transitional FHA shall be developed. 7.1.4 Preparation, Review, and Approval of FHAs 7.1.4.1 FHAs and FPDAs are required by DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II 3.f.(1)(a)) to be prepared by or under the direction of an FPE, and should be subjected to an adequate peer review, and approved through an established process. 7.1.4.2 A Building/Facility FHA is required by DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II 3.f.(1)(b)) to be reviewed at least every three years with the review documented and the FHA revised as necessary. 7.1.4.3 An FPDA and Preliminary/Project FHA should be reviewed at major project milestones or following significant changes to the project scope. 7.1.4.4 A Transitional FHA should be reviewed at major milestones in the transition process, if any. 7.1.5 Detailed criteria and guidance for FHAs are provided in Appendix B of this Standard. 7.2 FACILITY ASSESSMENTS

The principal objective of a facility assessment is to strengthen the facility FPP. This objective is accomplished through the identification and correction of deficiencies and the effective communication of lessons learned from the assessment. 7.2.1 DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3.f) provides requirements on the frequency of facility assessments. 7.2.2 Facility assessments shall be performed by, or under the direction of an FPE. Personnel conducting such assessments shall have an appropriate level of knowledge and experience in the application of fire safety codes and standards in diverse facilities. 7.2.3 Facility assessments should evaluate the following programmatic and physical fire protection features: • Applicable codes and standards; • Fire and explosion hazards; • Protection of SC and SS equipment; • Life safety; • Protection of mission-critical equipment or programs; • Protection of high-value property; DOE-STD-1066-2016 45 • Suppression equipment; • Detection and alarm systems and equipment; • Fire system ITM; • Water runoff; • Facility fire prevention planning documents; • Emergency response capability; • Completeness of FHA, and, other documented assessment of fire hazards; • Fire barrier requirements and integrity; • Completeness of fire loss potential determination; • Fire safety training; • Potential for toxic, biological and /or radiological incident due to fire; • Status and tracking of previous findings; and • Equivalencies and exemptions. 7.3 COMPENSATORY MEASURES 7.3.1 When modifications are necessary to correct significant fire safety deficiencies, interim compensatory measures shall be provided until the modifications are complete.81 Compensatory measures shall be initiated without delay, commensurate with the identified fire safety deficiencies and the Head of the Field Element should be notified. 7.3.2 When fire protection features are impaired, compensatory measure shall be put into place to offset the loss or reduction in protection, in accordance with an established impairment program. 7.3.3 When compensatory measures are used as administrative controls in support of an equivalency or exemption request, they shall remain in place and be reviewed annually until the request has been dispositioned. DOE-STD-1066-2016 46 8 WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT 8.1 PURPOSE This section provides guidance for wildland fire management at DOE sites.82 8.2 APPLICABLE DOE ORDER REQUIREMENTS DOE Order 420.1C, provides the following requirements for wildland fire management: • Section 4f: “DOE must … [E]stablish an integrated site-wide wildland fire management plan, consistent with the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy.” • Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3b: “Documentation. A documented fire protection program that includes the elements and requirements identified in this chapter for design, operations, emergency response, fire analysis and assessments, wildland fire, and specific fire protection program criteria must be developed, implemented, and maintained by the contractor.” • Attachment 2, Chapter II, Section 3g: “Wildland Fire. An integrated site-wide wildland fire management plan, consistent with the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, must be developed, provided to DOE for approval, and implemented in accordance with the relevant portions of the NFPA 1143, Standard for Wildland Fire Management, 2014.” 8.3 OVERVIEW OF APPROACH

The Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (referred to hereafter as the “Federal Policy”) and NFPA 1143 are different in structure and purpose. The former document is coordinative in nature, providing guidelines to promote “consistent implementation of federal wildland fire policy.” The NFPA Code states its purpose as “specify[ing] management practices and policies necessary for a fire protection organization to develop a wildland fire management program.” As a matter of government policy, DOE is expected to demonstrably conform to the Federal Policy as written, to the extent it applies to DOE’s sites and operations. Guidance on wildland fire management is organized into the following three subsections: • Subsection 8.4 is devoted to explaining how DOE implements the Federal Policy. • Subsection 8.5 offers guidance on the application of NFPA 1143 to DOE’s site-wide wildland fire management plans. • Subsection 8.6 provides additional guidance on several topics. 8.4 IMPLEMENTING FEDERAL GUIDANCE 8.4.1 Identification of DOE Policies Table 1 of the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy lists 17 topics and provides for each topic an additional statement of “Management Intent” and a set of “Implementation Actions” for federal agencies. In the tables below, the contents of the first and second column come directly from the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy; the core policy is shown in italics in the first column, and statements of management intent are shown as lettered items in the first column. DOE-STD-1066-2016 47 8.4.2 Firefighter Safety Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Firefighter and public safety is the first priority. All Fire Management Plans and activities must reflect this commitment. (a) No natural or cultural resource, home, or item of property is worth a human life. (b) All strategies and tactics should seek to mitigate the risk to firefighters and the public. (1) Agency administrators will develop and establish process, procedures and objectives that ensure firefighter and public safety. (2) Incident Commanders will develop and establish incident objectives, strategies and operational tactics that ensure firefighter and public safety. DOE wildland fire activities should reflect a commitment to firefighter and public safety as the first priority. DOE site management contractors should: (a) Establish procedures for issuance, use, and accountability of personal protective clothing and equipment; (b) Ensure that training, use, appropriate employee medical surveillance programs, and maintenance and storage of the protective equipment comply with applicable standards; (c) Provide 4 hours of annual wildland fire safety refresher training to personnel directly involved with such activities; and, (d) Ensure that work supervisors are responsible for the safety of employees engaged in wildland fire management activities. 8.4.3 Fire Management and Ecosystem Sustainability Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance The full range of fire management activities will be used to help achieve ecosystem sustainability, including its inter-related ecological, economic, and social components. (a) “Full range of fire management activities” may include any vegetative management treatment tool. (b) Ecosystem sustainability provides a supply of goods, services, social values, and natural processes in perpetuity.

(c) Economic intent is to provide for sustainable supplies of goods, services, and social values through implementation of appropriate fire management activities. (1) Land/Resource Management Plans (L/RMP) will be developed consistent with both ecological conditions, and fire regime dynamics, and consider the short and long term effects of both action and no action alternatives for planned vegetation management activities as well as responses to wildfire. (2) Agencies will exploit the full range of fire management options to sustain healthy ecosystems within acceptable risk levels as identified in the L/RMP, or Fire Management Plan (FMP). (3) Fire management activities will be based on planning and decision analysis processes that address current and anticipated situational conditions. See DOE O 436.1, Departmental Sustainability DOE-STD-1066-2016 48 8.4.4 Response to Wildland Fire Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Fire, as a critical natural process, will be integrated into land and resource management plans and activities on a landscape scale, and across agency boundaries. Response to wildland fires is based on ecological, social and legal consequences of the fire. The circumstances under which a fire occurs, and the likely consequences on firefighter and public safety and welfare, natural and cultural resources, and, values to be protected, dictate the appropriate response to the fire. (a) The L/RMP will define and identify fire’s role in the ecosystem. The response to an ignition is guided by the strategies and objectives outlined in the L/RMP and/or the Fire Management Plan. (b) Values to be protected from and/or enhanced by wildland fire are defined in the L/RMP and/or the Fire Management Plan. (c) The L/RMP and fire management planning is coordinated across jurisdictional boundaries. FMPs assist in developing the management response to meet L/RMP objectives in designated Fire Management Units (FMU). (1) Fire management strategies will consider current landscape conditions and spatial and temporal components of the fire regime. (2) Responses to wildland fires will be coordinated across jurisdictional boundaries. DOE site management contractors should: (a) Identify the applicable Fire Management Unit; and (b) Coordinate wildland fire response as agreed with other agencies adjacent to the DOE site. 8.4.5 Use of Wildland Fire Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Wildland fire will be used to protect, maintain, and enhance resources and, as nearly as possible, be allowed to function in its natural ecological role. Use of fire will be based on L/RMP and associated Fire Management Plans and will follow specific prescriptions contained in operational plans. (a) Use planned and unplanned ignitions to achieve land and resource management goals. Fire management is one tool in the restoration process and should be integrated with other land management activities. (1) Incident objectives will identify resource objectives for wildfires managed to achieve resource objectives. (2) Beneficial accomplishments will be measured through specific quantified objectives. DOE sites should integrate fuel management and fire management programs in support of the following resource management objectives. (a) Use an interdisciplinary approach to integrate fuel management planning into all appropriate activities.

(b) Identify, through economic analysis, the most cost-efficient fuel profile to meet resource management direction. Consider a full range of fuel management alternatives, including no treatment. Fuel management activities should be responsive to long-term site productivity, DOE-STD-1066-2016 49 Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance (b) Preference will be given for natural ignitions to be managed in meeting the role of fire as an ecological process. (c) Decision support process encourages strategies to manage fire to restore and maintain the natural fire regime where safe and possible. utilization opportunities, and air quality considerations. (c) Where a management activity, such as timber sales, thinning, or road construction, contributes to an unacceptable fuel profile, modify that activity to reduce its incremental contribution to the fuel profile. (d) On lands where repetitive management activities will occur, evaluate the projected fuel profile to determine the most cost-efficient time(s) of entry and the level of treatment(s). (e) Manage fuel in accordance with fire management direction in the site land-use planning and management process. 8.4.6 Rehabilitation and Restoration Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Rehabilitation and restoration efforts will be undertaken to protect and sustain ecosystems, public health and safety, and to help communities protect infrastructure. (a) Conduct emergency stabilization of burned areas such that no further harm is done. (b) Probability of success will be evaluated for rehabilitation and restoration efforts. (1) Burned areas will be assessed to determine suitable and effective emergency stabilization and rehabilitation needs to meet current and anticipated environmental conditions. (2) Rehabilitation and restoration activities will be evaluated to assess effectiveness of treatments. The following post-fire activities (for prescribed, operational and wild fires) should be accomplished at the earliest opportunity. (a) Sites should conduct an immediate assessment of watershed conditions following the fire. (b) Sites should determine if emergency watershed rehabilitation efforts are required to restore watershed functions and minimize damage to soil resources. (c) Sites should initiate post-fire rehabilitation treatments as necessary (e.g., sediment reduction, channel treatments, check dams) to stabilize biotic communities, address safety concerns, and to prevent degradation of critical known natural and cultural resources. (d) Sites should monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments to determine if additional treatments are required. DOE-STD-1066-2016 50 DOE-STD-1066-2016 51 8.4.7 Protection Priorities Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance The protection of human life is the single, over-riding priority. Setting priorities among protecting human communities and community infrastructure, other property and improvements, and natural and cultural resources will be done based on the values to be protected, human health and safety, and the costs of protection. Once people have been committed to an incident, these human resources become the highest value to be protected. (a) Resources are allocated nationally, geographically, and locally based on protection priorities. (b) Protection of human life overrides all other priorities should response capability limits be reached.

(c) Local protection priorities are established in the L/RMP and/or FMP. NMAC [National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group] establishes national protection priorities considering maintenance of initial attack capability; protection of communities, infrastructure, property, cultural and natural resources; costs; local agency objectives; and national response framework and tasking. (1) Geographic and local area coordination groups will establish a process to set protection priorities. (2) The Agency Administrator will convey protection priorities, based on the L/RMP and FMP, to the geographic and national groups through an incident status report and ensure that protection priorities are known and carried out by the incident commander(s). In general, DOE field elements are responsible for developing, implementing, and overseeing protection programs for individuals and assets under their cognizance. This includes protecting assets from internal structural fire damage and from the conflagration potential associated with the external wildland fire. A Wildland Fire Management Program comprises the full range of activities and functions necessary to plan, prepare, and respond to potential fires and rehabilitate undeveloped lands following a fire. DOE should observe the following fire management priorities on all fires: (a) Ensure firefighter, worker, and public safety. (b) Protect mission property and natural and cultural resources based on the relative values to be protected. 8.4.8 Wildland Urban Interface Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance The operational roles of federal agencies as partners in the Wildland Urban Interface are wildland firefighting, hazard fuels reduction, cooperative prevention and education, and technical assistance. Structural fire suppression is the responsibility of tribal, state, or local governments. Federal agencies may assist with exterior structural protection activities under formal Fire Protection Agreements that specify the mutual responsibilities of the partners, including funding. (Some federal agencies have (1) Agreements will be developed to clarify jurisdictional inter- relationships and define roles and responsibilities among local, state, tribal, and federal fire protection entities, based on each organization’s enabling protection authorities and assistance/mutual aid responsibilities. (2) Agencies will support the The zone where structures and other human development meet or become intermingled with undeveloped wildland is referred to as the wildland/urban interface. The objectives of wildland/urban interface fire management are to facilitate fire prevention and protection and minimize fire loss and damage to structures, other human development, and wildland resources; to prevent a structure fire from spreading into wildland fuels; and to encourage property owners to take an active role in establishing and maintaining their own fire prevention and safety measures in the wildland/urban interface. The following recommendations are applicable to this category. (a) Document DOE wildland fire protection and suppression assistance in mutual-aid agreements DOE-STD-1066-2016 52 Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance structural protection authority for their facilities on lands they administer and may also enter into formal agreements to assist state and local governments with structural protection).

(a) Prevent the movement of wildfires from the wildlands into the Wetland-Urban Interface area, out of the Wetland-Urban Interface area into the wildlands, and improve efficiency of wildfire suppression in Wetland- Urban Interface situations. (b) The primary responsibility for protecting private property and rural communities lies with individual property owners and local governments. (c) Recognize that many states have wildland fire responsibility while rural fire districts have structural responsibility. development and implementation of Community Wildfire Protection Plans (CWPP). (3) The Federal wildland agencies will collaborate with tribal, state and local fire management organizations to identify and reconcile gaps in protection responsibility. with all emergency response organizations engaged in such activities; (b) Collaborate with outside emergency response organizations to (1) establish and update cooperative agreements that recognize the jurisdictional protection responsibilities and assistance capabilities of the respective cooperators; (c) Educate wildland firefighters about safe operational procedures in the wildland/urban interface and provide training in safe wildland firefighting operations for structural firefighters who respond to wildland/urban interface fires; (d) Provide education to adjoining property owners on fire risks and hazards and on fire prevention responsibilities and actions to minimize losses and damage to structures and lands in the wildland/urban interface; (e) Assess, analyze, and plan for fire prevention and protection in conjunction with other Federal, tribal, state, county, and local government entities and with community and citizen groups; (f) Integrate wildland/urban interface considerations in the DOE land-use planning and management process, as well as in program project and plans; (g) Implement fuel modification projects to mitigate fire hazards; (h) Adopt special building construction requirements in wildland/urban interface areas, such as the construction requirements of NFPA 1144; and (i) Implement other practices that reduce wildland fire risks. DOE-STD-1066-2016 53 8.4.9 Planning Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Every area with burnable vegetation must have an approved Fire Management Plan. Fire Management Plans are strategic plans that define a program to manage wildland fires based on the area's approved land management plan. Fire Management Plans must provide for firefighter and public safety; include fire management strategies, tactics, and alternatives; address values to be protected and public health issues; and be consistent with resource management objectives, activities of the area, and environmental laws and regulations. (a) Promote interagency and inter-governmental planning. (b) Encourage landscape scale planning across jurisdictional boundaries. (1) The FMP should be interagency or intergovernmental in scope and developed on a landscape scale, where practical to take advantage of efficiency, reduce conflict and provide understanding and cooperation. (2) The L/RMP and/or FMPs will address the location and conditions under which resource benefits and protection objectives can be met. Preparedness planning provides for timely recognition of approaching fire management situations and for setting priorities, deploying resources, and considering other actions to respond to those situations. Wildland fire preparedness planning should include the following:

(a) The purpose of preparedness plans and reviews is to ensure the timely recognition of and appropriate response to fire management situations and to provide the basis for ensuring program accountability. Preparedness planning requires (1) an intelligence system, (2) an analysis and decision- making process, and (3) identified actions to be taken at increasing levels of fire severity and activity (preparedness level). Preparedness plans should be documented in a site mobilization guide or other appropriate document. (b) When developing preparedness plans, consider the following: 1) Actions for responding to fire preparedness levels (National Interagency Mobilization Guide, NFES 2092); 2) Preparedness levels and actions addressing the full range of anticipated fire danger and activities; 3) Documented processes to coordinate actions among cooperating agencies and to transmit decisions promptly to all affected organizations, including adjacent units and cooperators; 4) Preparation of a Fire Management Plan documenting the fire management program that most effectively achieves land-use planning and management process direction; 5) Preparation of a Site Fire Plan, to be reviewed and revised at least once every three years, for any activities that increase wildland fire risk or constitute a wildland fire hazard, such as land clearing, timber harvesting, mining, and power line or highway construction; and 6) Triennial review and update of all cooperative wildland fire agreements. DOE-STD-1066-2016 54 8.4.10 Science Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Fire Management Plans and programs will be based on a foundation of sound science. Research will support ongoing efforts to increase our scientific knowledge of biological, physical, and sociological factors. Information needed to support fire management will be developed through an integrated interagency fire science program. Scientific results must be made available to managers in a timely manner and must be used in the development of land management plans, Fire Management Plans, and implementation plans. (a) Increase the body of scientific knowledge and understanding about fire management programs through the development of management tools and transfer of knowledge to practitioners and decision makers. (b) Social sciences are a part of the research need. (1) Agencies will integrate science in planning and monitoring processes. (2) Agencies will coordinate fire- related research to improve fire management program capability. (3) Agencies will emphasize applied science including fire and fuels, physics, social science, and operations research areas. (4) Agencies will seek to improve decision support tools through updated data sets and advances in technology. No specific action recommended. DOE-STD-1066-2016 55 8.4.11 Preparedness Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agencies will ensure their capability to provide safe, cost-effective fire management programs in support of land and resource management plans through appropriate planning, staffing, training, equipment, and management oversight. (a) Recognize that particular budget processes and external influences will affect capability and capacity. (b) Size the organization to meet realistic and sustainable management objectives by effective preparedness planning on an interagency basis.

(c) Realize efficiencies by incorporating other federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and nongovernmental organizations to meet peak demands for resources. (d) Preseason agreements are an integral part of preparedness. (1) Agencies will identify and realign organizational staffing and equipment mixes to implement a safe and cost effective fire management program that meets the fire management guidance identified in the L/RMP. (2) Agencies will develop a common process for determining budget needs and cost sharing for all aspects of fire management operations. (3) Implement training program to meet staffing levels (qualification requirements) with the emphasis on managing fires for both protection and resource management objectives. (4) Agencies will develop agreements to efficiently utilize other federal, state, local, and non- governmental resources. DOE site management contractors should: (a) Establish and document the need for developing agreements with other federal, state, local, and non-governmental resources; (b) Relay the need for these agreements to the DOE Head of Field Element (or designee) so that DOE may pursue these agreements; (c) Assist DOE, as requested, in developing agreements with other federal, state, local, and non-governmental resources; and (d) Identify and address staffing, equipment, and training needs based on the wildland fire threat as determined by the BNA. 8.4.12 Suppression Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Wildland fires are suppressed at minimum cost, considering firefighter and public safety, benefits, and values to be protected, consistent with resource objectives. (a) Suppression considerations will be addressed in L/RMP and FMP's. (1) Use a decision support process to assess conditions, analyze risk and document decisions. (2) Predictive services products will be used to support pre-positioning resources. (3) Agencies will coordinate staffing levels through common trend analysis of environmental indicators. Wildland fire suppression is intended to safely suppress wildland fires at minimum cost, consistent with land and resource management objectives and fire management direction as stated in fire management plans. Expectations or actions to take in the event of a wildland fire include the following. (a) Ensure that suppression planning, operations, and personnel comply with the wildland fire suppression principles and practices that are set out in the DOE Wildland Fire Management Program and associated procedures. (b) Conduct fire suppression in a timely, effective, and efficient manner, giving the first priority to firefighter and public safety. (c) Decide how to organize and conduct suppression operations (suppression strategies). Line managers DOE-STD-1066-2016 56 Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance (b) Notwithstanding protection of life, the cost of suppression, emergency stabilization and rehabilitation must be commensurate with values to be protected. should minimize both suppression cost and resource loss consistent with the resource management objectives for the values to be protected. (d) Consider fire behavior, the availability of suppression resources, the value of natural resources and property at risk, direction in the site land-use planning and management process, and the potential cost of suppression. (e) Consider using a wildland fire situation analysis to document suppression strategy decisions

(f) Conduct a cost-effective initial attack on any wildland fire not considered as an operational fire or a prescribed fire. (g) Respond to each reported wildland fire with planned forces and tactics as directed in the fire management plan. 8.4.13 Prevention Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agencies will work together and with their partners and other affected groups and individuals to prevent unauthorized ignition of wildfires. (a) Prevention focuses on the activities needed to reduce human-caused ignitions. (b) Prevention includes mitigating risks and loss to ecosystems and communities. Agencies will work with all partners to develop and implement risk assessment, prevention, and mitigation plans to reduce the frequency of wildfires due to human–caused ignitions. The objective of wildland fire prevention is to avoid the costs and risks associated with wildland fire suppression activities. A DOE site’s wildland fire prevention program should be: (a) Coordinated with local stakeholders to encourage planning and analysis of stakeholder lands in accordance with wildland fire prevention programs; and (b) Coordinated with other agencies where risks affect other jurisdictions. DOE-STD-1066-2016 57 DOE-STD-1066-2016 58 8.4.14 Standardization Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agencies will use compatible planning processes, funding mechanisms, training and qualification requirements, operational procedures, values-to-be-protected methodologies, and public education programs for all fire management activities. (a) All processes are compatible and transparent so that individuals from cooperating agencies (federal, tribal, state, and local) can more effectively work together. (b) Enhance public and cooperator understanding of wildland fire management processes. (1) To the extent possible, agencies will use common standards in all aspects of fire management programs so that planning and budgeting methodologies applied in one situation will provide the same results in similar circumstances. (2) Agencies will develop and implement common operational field guidance and operational procedures to deal with all aspects of fire management operations. (3) Agencies will streamline interagency transfer of funds to reduce fiscal inconsistencies. No specific action recommended. This Standard provides DOE’s standard approach. 8.4.15 Interagency Cooperation and Coordination Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Fire management planning, preparedness, prevention, suppression, fire use, restoration and rehabilitation, monitoring, research, and education will be conducted on an interagency basis with the involvement of cooperators and partners. (a) Involve all participating agencies, federal, tribal, state, local, and non- governmental organizations in fire management activities. (b) Get everyone working in concert, rather than in opposition to each other. (1) Ensure that fire management program actions are implemented in collaboration with cooperators and affected partners with due consideration of all management objectives. (2) Agencies will engage cooperators and affected partners at the strategic, and program planning levels, as well as the tactical, program implementation level. Each site’s Fire Management Plan should: (a) Contain or reference all cooperative agreements and interagency contacts.

(b) Describe or reference the interagency coordination needed to implement the wildland fire management plan. (c) List or reference key interagency contacts by function. (d) Discuss local agreements that are in place. Include major cooperators, such as state and other Federal agencies, as well as local volunteer fire companies. DOE-STD-1066-2016 59 8.4.16 Communication and Education Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agencies will enhance knowledge and under- standing of wildland fire management policies and practices through internal and external communication and education programs. These programs will be continuously improved through the timely and effective exchange of information among all affected agencies and organizations. (a) Knowledge and understanding reach all personnel in the field, across agencies. (b) Develop and provide consistent communication, education and outreach with shared messages for the public and internal staff. [Communication and Education, cont.] (c) Have a public that understands the risk, benefits and complexity of wildland fire management. (1) Develop a consistent and uniform message using common terminology on importance and role of wildland fire in natural resource management. (2) Develop understanding with the public on what we’re trying accomplish with fire management. (3) Build understanding with the public on their role when living and recreating in fire prone ecosystems. Each site’s wildland fire management plan should address: (a) The overall wildland fire prevention and community education and assistance programs for the site, (b) A description of the typical human- caused wildland fire, and (c) The main activities of the site related to wildland fire prevention. 8.4.17 Agency Administrator and Employee Roles Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agency administrators will ensure that their employees are trained, certified, and made available to participate in the wildland fire program locally, regionally, and nationally as the situation demands. Employees with operational, administrative, or other skills will support the wildland fire program as necessary. Agency administrators are responsible and will be held accountable for making employees available. (a) Employees participate in wildland fire operations to obtain understanding, expand capabilities, and increase organizational capacity. (b) Assure that we maximize use of the local workforce for efficiencies of knowledge, cost and involvement. (c) Maintain a competent and capable workforce to implement the wildland fire management program to include fuels, aviation, suppression, planning, monitoring, research, communication, finance, etc. (1) Agency administrators will train, qualify, and certify available personnel for local fire needs and interagency fire management priorities. (2) Agencies will consider adjustment of annual performance expectations based on employee and program contribution to the fire effort. Every DOE site where wildfire risk exists is expected to: (a) Provide training adequate to meet fire management needs, and (b) Ensure that cognizant DOE and contract employees meet standards for training, experience, and physical fitness before they are certified for wildland fire organization positions. Site management should adhere to the qualification standards established by the NWCG, NFPA and state or local laws or regulations. DOE-STD-1066-2016

60 8.4.18 Evaluation Federal Policy Federal Policy Implementation Actions DOE Guidance Agencies will develop and implement a systematic method of evaluation to determine effectiveness of projects through implementation of the 2001 Federal Fire Policy. The evaluation will assure accountability, facilitate resolution of areas of conflict, and identify resource shortages and agency priorities. (a) Use adaptive management process to evaluate and improve the fire management program at all levels. (b) Provide a formal review process to monitor and evaluate performance, suggest revisions, and make necessary adaptations to the implementation guidance at all organizational levels on a regular basis. Conduct interagency, internal and periodic reviews of the fire management program (all agencies) to determine: (1) Consistency of policy implementation; (2) Effectiveness of interagency coordination; (3) Progress towards ecosystem sustainability; (4) Cost management; (5) Safety. DOE site management contractor should provide periodic reviews of wildland fire management planning consistent with Section 3.2.2 of this Standard. 8.5 USE OF NFPA CODE 1143 8.5.1 Overview As noted in Section 8.2 above, DOE Order 420.1C requires that each DOE site where wildfire risk exists create and implement an integrated, site-wide wildland fire management plan (WFMP) “in accordance with NFPA 1143, Standard for Wildland Fire Management, 2014.” Section 5.1.3 of NFPA 1143, “Preparedness Planning,” requires that the AHJ prepare a plan having the contents specified in subsection 5.1.3.2.83 Once developed, the WFMP shall be reviewed every three years or when conditions addressed by the plan change to an extent that a revision to the plan is necessary for accuracy and effectiveness. The wildland fire management plans are prepared, approved and reviewed periodically to (a) formally document the site wildland fire program elements, objectives, strategies and resource considerations based on the land-use planning and management process; (b) provide the responsible manager with specific guidance to implement fire-related direction on the ground; and (c) interpret strategic Land Management Plan direction into specific wildland fire management direction for each fire management unit delineated in the wildland fire management plan. A WFMP does not document wildland fire management decisions; rather, it provides operational parameters whereby fire managers implement the goals and objectives in the site land-use planning and management process. DOE-STD-1066-2016 61 The comprehensive site plan should contan the following major sections:84 • Introduction; • Relationship to Land Management Planning and Wildland Fire Policy; • Wildland Fire Management Strategies; • Wildland Fire Management Program Components; • Organizational and Budgetary Parameters; and • Monitoring and Evaluation. Information on a site’s wildland fire risk profile and prevention/suppression strategies will also be found in other DOE and contractor documents: • The site’s FPP is required by DOE O 420.1C to cover wildland fires; • The site’s BNA evaluates the site’s resources and staffing available to suppress wildland fires; • DSAs under 10 CFR Part 830, for nuclear facilities contain an evaluation of wildland fires as possible accident initiators; and • FHAs for individual facilities on the site address wildland fire risks and methods for mitigation.

While much if not all of the information required in NFPA’s plan could be located in the above- cited DOE documents, the requirement of DOE O 420.1C is for “an integrated, site-wide wildland fire management plan” using the NFPA code’s approach. The following subsection explains how the Order’s requirement for an integrated plan should be met. 8.5.2 Site-Wide Integrated Plan The site management contractor at each DOE site where wildland fire hazards exist shall prepare and triennially review and update as necessary an integrated WFMP that addresses the following topics: (a) Identification of specific wildland fire hazards, ignition risks, and potential hazard areas within the jurisdiction and other hazards that negatively affect wildland fire control efforts; (b) Identification of fire protection features such as lakes, rivers, water points, natural firebreaks; potential escape routes, and other areas or features that are beneficial to wildland fire control efforts; (c) A list of fire-fighting resources, including personnel, apparatus, and equipment; (d) A list of all cooperating agencies and other mutual aid resources and the procedures for requesting assistance from those agencies and resources; (e) A reference to any and all existing mutual aid agreements, contracts, and other protection agreements applicable to wildland fire control efforts; (f) A list of specific objectives relating to training, safety, response times, and staffing levels; and, (g) A list of other resources that provide analyses of fire cause, identification of special fire hazards, identification of ignition risks, assessment of wildland/urban interface and intermix fire protection problems, and proposed measures to reduce fire occurrence. DOE-STD-1066-2016 62 Other topics related to wildland fires may be included in the WFMP. Maximum use should be made of existing analysis and assessments such as DSAs prepared under DOE-STD-3009-2014, Preparation of Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Documented Safety Analysis, (or other approved safe harbor method) and BNAs prepared under this Standard. Incorporating such documents by reference in whole or in part is an acceptable approach. When developing a WFMP, the following topics should be considered: • Actions needed for responding to fire preparedness levels (see NFES 2092, National Interagency Mobilization Guide); • Preparedness levels and actions covering the full range of anticipated fire danger and activities; • Written procedures for coordinating actions among cooperating agencies; • Methods to transmit decisions promptly to all affected organizations; and, • Schedules and approaches for conducting preparedness reviews and exercises. The WFMP shall be submitted to the DOE Head of Field Element or designee for review and approval. 8.6 ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE 8.6.1 Fire Reports Timely reports of fire activities provide information essential for land and resource management and for both internal and external administrative purposes. DOE site/field offices should log a report for each wildland fire in accordance with standard site fire reporting methods. A prescribed fire that burns out of prescription and is declared a wildland fire should be reported as a wildland fire. 8.6.2 National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) and National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG)

Guides and reference publications offered by these two organizations should be reviewed and considered by DOE sites in addressing wildland fire hazards. For example, the following publications provide useful guidance: NWCG PMS 210, Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide, and NWCG PMS 310-1, Wildland and Prescribed Fire Qualification System Guide. DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-1 APPENDIX A SAFETY SIGNIFICANT AND SAFETY CLASS FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS This appendix describes an acceptable approach for implementing the design and operational requirements specified in DOE O 420.1C, Facility Safety, for new safety significant (SS) and safety class (SC) fire protection systems, specifically, wet pipe automatic sprinklers, water supplies, and fire barrier systems. This appendix may also apply to situations where DOE decides to modify the safety basis for an existing nuclear Hazard Category 1, 2, or 3 nuclear facilities, such that an existing fire protection system is reclassified to perform a SC or SS function. This appendix does not apply to existing fire protection systems that have already been classified as SS or SC in Hazard Category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities.85 • Section A.1 provides general design criteria for any type of fire protection system that is used in SC and SS applications. This information is derived from and essentially repeats requirements and guidance contained in DOE O 420.1C and DOE Guide (G) 420.1-1A, Nonreactor Nuclear Safety Design Guide for Use with DOE O 420.1C, Facility Safety. • Section A.2 describes design and operation criteria for SC and SS wet pipe sprinkler systems. • Section A.3 describes design and operation criteria for SC and SS water supply systems. • Section A.4 describes design and operation criteria for SC and SS fire barriers. This Appendix also includes Attachment A which provides details on typical water supply arrangements. A.1 GENERAL General design criteria for SC and SS systems specified in DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter I), are applicable to fire protection systems used in SC and SS applications along with this Standard.86 Designation of a sprinkler system, water supply, fire barrier, or other fire protection system as safety-related means this system is essential to protect the public and/or the worker from a fire in a nuclear facility. Designation of a system as SC or SS necessitates a more reliable performance than a general service system provided to meet property or building occupant life safety requirements. To achieve high reliability, DOE O 420.1C requires that applicable National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards, building code, as well as highly-protected risk criteria, are to be used for all fire protection systems. Design, operation, and testing of safety-related systems should normally exceed these requirements. A.1.1 System Function and Critical Characteristics. The SC and SS function of the fire protection system is defined in the Documented Safety Analysis (DSA) or other safety basis documentation of the facility (typically in Chapter 4 of the DSA). DOE-STD-3009-2014, Preparation of Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Documented Safety Analyses, specifies that Chapter 4 of the DSA documents “the reason for designating the structures, systems and components (SSC) as a SC SSC, followed by specific identification of its preventive or mitigative safety function(s) as determined in the hazard and accident analysis. Safety functions are top-level statements that express the objective of the SSC in a given accident scenario.” DOE-STD-3009-2014 also discusses the inclusion of “pertinent aspects” of the SC and SS system and states that “pertinent aspects are considered to be those that directly relate to the safety function (e.g., diesel generator load capacity, time to load if critical).”

DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-2 A.1.1.1 In addition to having the “pertinent aspects” of the system in the DSA, it is a good practice to document more detailed information on design or operational criteria critical to proper operation of the safety system. The combination of the pertinent aspects and this additional detailed information are “critical characteristics” of the system. A.1.1.2 The critical characteristics shall be documented in a configuration-controlled system design document. This information can be included in a system design description document developed in accordance with DOE-STD-3024-2011, Content of System Design Descriptions. A.1.2 Support Systems. Supporting systems shall be identified and included in a configuration- controlled system design document. This can be referenced in a system design description developed in accordance with DOE-STD-3024-2011. (See DOE G 420.1-1A for further information regarding supporting systems.) A.1.3 Design Criteria. General design criteria for SC and SS systems specified in DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter I), are applicable to fire protection systems used in SC and SS applications. Additionally, DOE O 420.1C (Attachment 2, Chapter II) requires that fire protection for DOE facilities, sites, activities, design, and construction meet, or exceed, applicable building codes and NFPA codes and standards. DOE-STD-1189-2016, Integration of Safety into the Design Process, provides criteria for identifying SC and SS systems and criteria for the seismic design of SSCs, including fire protection systems. A.1.4 Approach and Process for Preparing Fire System Safety-Related Design. DOE O 420.1C provides applicable requirements for design of SC and SS fire protection systems. DOE G 420.1-1A provides additional implementing guidance. Examples of documents that support the fire protection system design include the Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA), DSA, other safety basis documentation, and design documents identified in DOE-STD-1189-2016 (e.g., preliminary and final hazard assessments, preliminary and final DSA).87 A.2 WET PIPE AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS A.2.1 Safety Function and Critical Characteristics of the Wet Pipe Sprinkler System A.2.1.1 Safety Function. The SC and SS function of the wet pipe sprinkler system is defined in the DSA of the facility (typically in Chapter 4 of the DSA). This may include information regarding the number, size, and type of fires that the system is designed for, along with any specific considerations that may be required for the system to perform its intended function. For example, automatic water-based fire suppression systems are generally intended to limit fire spread, but not necessarily extinguish it. DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-3 If the safety analysis determines that emergency responder actions to complete extinguishment are an essential part of the SC or SS function, such actions shall be described in the appropriate section of the DSA. Documentation in the DSA shall include the conditions under which the sprinkler system is to remain operable to prevent or mitigate analyzed events such as earthquakes and disruptions of electrical power A.2.1.2 Critical Characteristics. The critical characteristics of the system should include the following, as appropriate: • Hydraulic performance requirements (e.g., sprinkler density, number of sprinklers, flow and pressure demand at the base of the riser, and water supply sources);

• Designs to accommodate the potential for multiple fires when required by the DSA; • System Construction Materials; • Components; • Monitoring features; • Component design lifetimes and any environmental condition limitations (e.g., corrosive atmosphere, temperature extremes); • Potential for inadvertent actuation; • Natural phenomena hazards requirements (e.g., seismic requirements); and, • Type and characteristics of sprinklers. This information may also be included in the system design description. A.2.2 System Boundary for the Wet Pipe Sprinkler System88 A.2.2.1 The boundary of a SC or SS wet pipe sprinkler system shall be defined to clearly identify which components are within the system. A boundary for sprinklers is typically determined at the system control valve or at the underground lead-in post indicator valve. A.2.2.2 All piping should be designed for the maximum expected pressure and design basis accident conditions. A.2.2.3 The designer should demonstrate that failure of the piping or components not credited to be SC or SS will not reduce functionality of the credited system. A.2.3 Support Systems for the Wet Pipe Sprinkler System. Examples of support systems (beyond the water supply system) may include the freeze protection system, alarm devices and associated trim, and pressure monitoring systems. The general criteria in DOE G 420.1-1A specify that support systems are to be designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to standards and quality requirements commensurate with their importance to safety. The support systems shall be classified as equal or superior to the classified wet pipe sprinkler system, if they are essential to the sprinkler system performing its safety function. Details supporting implementation of DOE O 420.1C and DOE G 420.1-1A for the freeze protection system, alarm devices and associated trim, and water pressure monitoring system gauges are provided below. DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-4 A.2.3.1 Freeze Protection Systems. As a general rule, a sprinkler system will be protected from freezing by the facility’s heating system. Isolated areas where sprinklers are subject to freezing during normal operations should be evaluated for additional protection, such as an anti-freeze subsystem, the use of dry type sprinkler heads, heat tracing subsystems, additional heating, or monitoring, to prevent freezing or to warn of freezing temperatures. Examples and features are described in Sections A.2.3.1.1 through A.2.3.1.5. A.2.3.1.1 When reliance is placed on building heat to prevent sprinkler freezing, the design should address monitoring the building and/or individual areas of the building for the loss of building heat during freezing weather. The monitoring system should be classified at the same level as the sprinkler system. A.2.3.1.2 Small or individual areas where sprinklers are subject to freezing during normal operations may rely on one or more of the following freeze protection methods: • The use of anti-freeze subsystem or water circulation systems. The freeze protection systems that form an integral part of the sprinkler system (e.g. anti-freeze subsystem, water recirculation) should be designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to the standards consistent with that provided for the sprinkler system, unless the provisions of A.2.3.1.3 are met; and,

• Freeze protection using additional heating of the space, additional building insulation, or heat tracing. The additional/alternate freeze protection system should be classified at the same level as the safety sprinkler system, unless the provisions of A.2.3.1.3 are met. A.2.3.1.3 In most cases, the freeze protection system is classified at the same level as the sprinkler system. Examples of appropriate freeze protection systems include heating the space, heat tracing, building insulation, anti-freeze, and water circulation. However, the freeze protection or building heating system should not be classified at the same level as the sprinkler system, provided: • The loss of the freeze protection or building heating system can be promptly detected by a monitoring system classified at the same level as the sprinkler system; and, • An analysis is performed to determine the elapsed time between the loss of freeze protection or building heating system and the potential for sprinkler freezing. Information from the analysis should be used in the development of limiting conditions for operation (LCO) in technical safety requirements (TSRs) that address responses to loss of building or area/room heat during freezing weather. A.2.3.1.4 The freeze protection system does not need to be designed to preclude system failure given a single active component failure (even at the SC level) if the facility owner can justify that existing design features and/or controls are adequate to ensure that failure of the freeze protection would provide indication of its inoperability and would not immediately impact operability of the sprinkler system. The operability of the freeze protection system should be included as an LCO in the TSRs. DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-5 A.2.3.1.5 Compensatory actions should be specified in the LCO to ensure the operability of the sprinkler system on loss of the freeze protection system during freezing weather. A.2.3.2 Alarm Devices. Water flow indicating devices and associated trim support the wet pipe sprinkler system by indicating that the system has operated.89 A flow alarm is commonly achieved by a water pressure alarm switch that is pressurized when the alarm check valve is unseated long enough to register an alarm. In general, the alarm will alert locally, as well as remotely, to summon emergency responders. A.2.3.2.1 These devices do not normally perform a safety function in that this equipment is not required for the sprinkler system to perform its safety function (deliver water to the fire). However, the sprinkler system should be designed to be able to deliver water to the fire at the full volume and pressure required, with failure of these devices in any orientation (i.e., fail open/closed, pipe rupture). A.2.3.3 Water Pressure Monitoring System. A means to monitor the system water pressure from a constantly attended location should be provided.90 A water pressure monitoring system (sensors and associated local and/or remote indicating system) may support a wet pipe sprinkler system by providing notification when system water pressure is below minimal allowable levels. This equipment should be classified at the same level as the sprinkler system it supports and should be designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to standard industrial practices supplemented by additional quality assurance (QA) provisions consistent with that provided for the sprinkler system.

A.2.4 Design Criteria for the Wet Pipe Sprinkler System. The following provides a summary of the requirements, criteria, and guidance for new SC and SS wet pipe automatic sprinkler installations. These are in addition to the criteria for sprinkler systems identified in DOE O 420.1C and Section 4 of this Standard. A.2.4.1 Safety Significant Design Criteria for Wet Pipe Sprinkler Systems. In addition to the criteria for general use, the following additional design requirements/guidance is applicable for wet pipe sprinkler systems used in SS applications. A.2.4.1.1 The following sprinkler components should not be used: • On/off sprinklers; • Mechanical slip and/or socket type fittings (i.e., fittings attached to plain end pipe by a friction fit and gaskets); and, • Cast iron pipe fittings.91 A.2.4.1.2 Strainers should be used for all systems connected to water supplies prone to sediment or debris. A.2.4.1.3 Sprinkler piping should be a minimum of Schedule 40 steel for pipe six inches or less in diameter and Schedule 30 steel for pipe greater than six inches in diameter. A.2.4.1.4 Areas should be designed to no less than Ordinary Group 1 requirements, according to NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and should not exceed 130 square feet DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-6 (sq. ft.) per sprinkler. For Ordinary Hazard Group 2 and extra hazard occupancies, sprinkler coverage should not exceed 100 sq. ft. per sprinkler. In areas that have multiple small obstructed areas (larger than about 3 ft. by 6 ft.) and no sprinklers are provided under the obstructions, the sprinkler spacing should be no greater than 100 sq. ft.92 A.2.4.1.5 The system should be designed to the greater hydraulic demand of either the NFPA 13 design area, or the worst case scenario as identified in the DSA. A.2.4.1.6 For Seismic Design Category 3 and higher, a qualified structural engineer should use the loads provided by the site seismic design authority in conjunction with NFPA 13 criteria, to design piping and evaluate locations where hangers and earthquake sway bracing are to be installed. The design should be capable of meeting the performance expectations established in the safety basis documentation, (i.e., performing during and after the design basis earthquake when required). A.2.4.1.7 Environmental conditions should be defined and documented for sprinkler systems and the system should be designed to remain operable for those events during which they are relied on, as specified in the DSA. Examples include: • Seismic; • Other natural phenomena hazards, such as high wind potential, tornadoes, flooding, lightning, low temperature, and humidity; • Facility hazards, such as internal flooding, explosions, fire outside the system boundary, missile and vehicle impacts, and corrosive environments; • Wildland fire; • Physical damage from adjacent equipment and systems (e.g., during a seismic event); and, • Water quality. A.2.4.1.8 The system should be designed by a professional engineer or a National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies Level III or IV technician. A.2.4.1.9 Critical components should be identified and spare parts maintained. A.2.4.1.10 To support appropriate implementation of the site or project QA program relative to fire protection systems, the following topics should be addressed (beyond what is specifically identified in DOE O 420.1C and referenced NFPA codes and standards):

• Document control (documents are stored properly to avoid damage, the responsibility for completeness, maintenance, and distribution is identified, etc.); • Records of qualification of fire protection staff and control of qualification records; • Procurement documentation and control of purchased items or services; • Receipt inspections and verification of quality; • Identification and control of components (e.g., sprinkler heads) according to ASME NQA-1-2015, Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications; • Handling, shipping and storage requirements for components; • Control of nonconforming items to prevent inadvertent installation or use; DOE-STD-1066-2016 A-7 • Commercial grade dedication of components, based on third party testing and production • monitoring; • Records of qualification for installation personnel and control of qualification records; • Records of qualification for tools and equipment used in preparation of installation • Hardware (e.g. appropriate gauges and cutters for grooved pipe, welding) and control of qualification records; • Records of proper use of manufacturer installation instructions (e.g. use of proper • sprinkler installation wrenches, proper bolt torque for grooved fittings, valve trim, acceptance testing) and control of qualification records; • Configuration and design control; and, • Results of commissioning testing. A.2.4.1.11 The QA program for wet pipe automatic sprinklers should be audited in different phases (design, construction, and operations) using DOE O 413.3B, Chg. 2, Program and Project Management for the Acquisition of Capital Assets. A.2.4.2 Safety Class Design Criteria for Wet Pipe Sprinkler Systems. In addition to the criteria for general use and SS applications, the following additional design requirements/guidance is applicable for wet pipe sprinkler systems used in SC applications: A.2.4.2.1 Active features of a SC sprinkler system shall be designed to preclude loss of safety function due to failure of any single active component of the system. Active components include the sprinklers themselves and any other component that can change state. Loss of a single sprinkler head shall be evaluated to ensure that it will not prevent the sprinkler system from performing its safety class function.93 94 A.2.4.2.2 Redundancy in the suppression system to provide operational flexibility for inspection, test, and maintenance activities should be provided in facilities that cannot be readily transitioned to a cold standby or shutdown mode and, when available, compensatory measures cannot effectively control a design basis fire.95 A.2.5 Codes and Standards. The following codes and standards are applicable to the design, installation, operation, and testing of wet pipe sprinkler systems: NFPA 13; and NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. A.2.6 Operability Criteria for Safety Significant and Safety Class Wet Pipe Sprinkler Systems. TSRs and LCOs should be defined (incl