DOE-HDBK-1141-2001 Chg Notice 1, Radiological Assessor Training

DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 August 2001 Change Notice No 1. with Reaffirmation January 2007 DOE HANDBOOK Radiological Control Training for Supervisors U.S. Department of Energy AREA TRNG Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from ES&H Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Energy, (800) 473-4375, fax (301) 903-9823. Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 605-6000. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 iii Foreword This Handbook describes an implementation process for training as recommended in Implementation Guide G441.1-12, Radiation Safety Training Guide, and as outlined in DOE- STD-1098-99, DOE Radiological Control (the Radiological Control Standard - RCS). The Handbook is meant to assist those individuals within the Department of Energy, Managing and Operating contractors, and Managing and Integrating contractors identified as having responsibility for implementing training required by Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 835 Occupational Radiation Protection (10 CFR 835) and training recommended by the RCS (Article 651). This training is intended for line managers who manage, supervise, or provide oversight of radiological workers and develop and implement measures necessary for ensuring compliance with 10 CFR 835. This training is not intended to be technical training for Radiological Control Supervisors (i.e. individuals responsible for supervising radiological control staff). This Handbook replaces DOE/EH-0424, Higher Level Training for Supervisors, and DOE/EH- 0423, Radiological Control Manual Training for Managers. While this Handbook addresses many requirements of 10 CFR 835 and recommendations of the RCS, it must be supplemented with facility-specific information to achieve full compliance. This Handbook contains recommended training materials consistent with other DOE radiological safety training materials and is consistent with guidance provided in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement Report Number 134, Operational Radiation Safety Training (Section 4.1.3). The training material consists of the following five parts: Program Management Guide - This part contains detailed information on how to use the Handbook material. Instructor’s Guide - This part contains lesson plans for instructor use, including notation of key points for inclusion of facility-specific information. Overheads - This part contains overheads for instructor use corresponding to the Instructor's Guide. Student’s Guide - This part contains student handout material and also should be augmented by facility-specific information. Handouts - This part contains several student handouts providing supporting information for various modules. This training material is targeted for individuals with a basic knowledge of radiological control. At a minimum, trainees should have completed Radiological Worker II training. This Handbook was produced in Microsoft Word 2003 and has been formatted for printing on an HP 4M (or higher) LaserJet printer. Overheads were produced in Powerpoint. Copies of this Handbook may be obtained from the DOE Radiation Safety Training Home Page Internet site (http://www.hss.energy.gov/radiation/RST/rstmater.htm).

Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 iv Change Notice 1. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE–HDBK–1143–2001 Page/Section Change iii Last para Change: Word 97 To Word 2003 Change: Copies of this Handbook may be obtained from either the DOE Radiation Safety Training Home Page Internet site (http://tis.eh.doe.gov/whs/rhmwp/rst/rst.htm) or in PDF format from the DOE Technical Standards Program Internet site (http://tis.eh.doe.gov/techstds/). Documents downloaded from the DOE Radiation Safety Training Home Page Internet site may be manipulated using the software noted above. To: Copies of this Handbook may be obtained from the DOE Radiation Safety Training Home Page Internet site (http://www.hss.energy.gov/radiation/RST/rstmater.htm). Cover sheets parts 1 through 5 Change: Office of Environment, Safety & Health To: Office of Health, Safety and Security Part 1, page 2, 2nd last para Change: The DOE Office of Environment, Safety, and Health’s Office of Worker Protection Policy and Programs (EH-52) is responsible for... To: The DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security’s Office of Worker Safety and Health Policy (HS-11) is responsible for .... Part 1, page 8, top line Change “DOE/EH” to “DOE/HSS” Part 2, 1 - 8 Part 4, 1-6 Change: EH-52 To: HS-11 Change: http://tis.eh.doe.gov/whs/rhmwp/regs.html To: “Insert appropriate URL” Part 2, 1 - 9 and 1 - 14 Instructor’s notes Replace two URLs with “Insert appropriate URL” Part 2, 1 - 12 Part 4, 1 - 10 Change: Office of Enforcement and Investigation (EH -10) To: Office of Enforcement (HS -40) Part 2, 1 - 13 Instructor’s notes Change: http://tis.eh.doe.gov/whs/rhmwp/exemption.html To: Insert appropriate URL Part 2, 1-13 Part 4, 1 - 11 Change: Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (EH-1) To: Chief Health, Safety and Security Officer (HS -1) Part 1 of 5 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide Office of Health, Safety and Security U.S. Department of Energy Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide ii This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide iii Table of Contents Page Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose and Scope ................................................................. 1 Compliance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart B ................................. 1 Goal of Training Program......................................................... 2 Organizational Relationships and Reporting Structure ............ 2 Training Program Description ................................................................................................... 3 Overview of Training Program ................................................. 3 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 3 Proficiency Requirements ........................................................ 3 Retraining................................................................................. 3 Instructor Training and Qualifications ...................................... 4 Training Program Material Development .................................................................................. 5

Training Material Presentation ................................................. 5 Training Certificates ................................................................. 5 Training Aids, References........................................................ 6 Training Program Standards and Policies ............................................................................... 6 Lectures, Seminars, Training Exercises, etc............................ 6 Delinquent Training/Failure...................................................... 6 Exceptions and Waivers .......................................................... 6 Administration............................................................................................................................. 7 Training Records...................................................................... 7 Training Program Development/Change Requests ................. 7 Internal Audits .......................................................................... 7 Evaluating Training Program Effectiveness ............................. 7 References and Supporting Documents .................................................................................. 9 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide iv This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 1 Introduction Purpose and Scope This handbook describes a Radiological Control Training for Supervisors program. It includes standards and policies as well as recommendations for material development and program administration. It is intended for use by DOE and DOE contractors for the development of facility-specific radiological control training for supervisors. Compliance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart B The DOE training materials for Radiological Control Training for Supervisors implement the radiological training requirements identified in 10 CFR 835-Subpart B, “Management and Administrative Requirements@ and recommendations identified in the DOE Implementation Guide G441.12, Radiation Safety Training, and in the DOE Radiological Control Standard. When implemented in its entirety and supplemented as noted with appropriate facility-specific information, this handbook provides an acceptable method to meet the requirements of 10 CFR 835-Subpart B for training of individuals (supervisors) who are responsible for supervising radiological workers and developing and implementing measures necessary for ensuring compliance with 10 CFR 835 (10 CFR 835.103). However, it is incumbent on management of each facility to review the content of this handbook against the radiological hazards present to ensure that the training content is appropriate to each individual=s prior training, work assignments, and degree of exposure to potential radiological hazards. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 2 Training described in this handbook does not eliminate the need for additional training on facility-specific hazards. Notations throughout the program documents indicate the need for facility-specific information. If the noted section is not applicable to the facility, no information need be presented. The site Radiological Control Manager or designee should concur in facility- generated radiological training material. Goal of Training Program

The goal of the training program is to provide a basic understanding of the skills required to supervise radiological workers in a safe and effective manner. Upon completion, trainees will be able to discuss DOE's radiation protection requirements and guidance and the manager's roles and responsibilities for implementing those requirements and guidance. Organizational Relationships and Reporting Structure DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security’s Office of Worker Safety and Health Policy (HS-11) is responsible for approving and maintaining the training materials. The establishment of a comprehensive and effective contractor site radiological control training program is the responsibility of line management and their subordinates. The training function may be performed by a separate training organization, but the responsibility for quality and effectiveness rests with line management. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 3 Training Program Descriptions Overview of Training Program Radiological Control Training for Supervisors may be provided to individuals (supervisors) responsible for supervising radiological workers and developing and implementing measures necessary for ensuring compliance with 10 CFR 835 at a DOE site or facility. Prerequisites The material is targeted for individuals with a fundamental knowledge of radiation protection concepts, such as successful completion of Radiological Worker II Training. Proficiency Requirements An examination or performance demonstration is not required. Instructors are encouraged to evaluate the effectiveness of the training through use of classroom participation and/or a quiz at the end of the training. Retraining Sites are encouraged to develop periodic training and retraining for supervisors. Retraining should focus on lessons learned and site specific events as necessary. Materials developed in support of training should be documented in accordance with 10 CFR 835 Subpart H "Records”. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 4 Instructor Training and Qualifications All classroom instruction should be provided by instructors qualified in accordance with the contractor=s site instructor qualification program. Training staff (contractor and subcontractor, if used) should possess both technical knowledge and experience, and the developmental and instructional skills required to fulfill their assigned duties. 1.Training staff responsible for program management, supervision, and development should have and maintain the education, experience, and technical qualifications required for their jobs. 2.Instructors should have the technical qualifications, including adequate theory, practical knowledge, and experience, for the subject matter that they are assigned to teach. It may be advisable to use more than one instructor for this material: an instructor with a technical radiological control background to cover modules one and two and an instructor with a management background (e.g., experience in teaching motivational techniques, communications, decision making, and leadership) to cover the remaining modules. 3.Methods should be in place at each contractor site to ensure that individual instructors meet and maintain position qualification requirements. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001

Program Management Guide 5 4.Subject matter experts without instructor qualification may provide training in their area of expertise. However, if these subject matter experts are to be permanent instructors, they should be trained as instructors in the next practical training cycle. DOE Order 5480.20A, Personnel Selection, Qualification, and Training Requirements for DOE Nuclear Facilities, discusses qualification requirements for instructors. DOE has also provided guidance on qualifications of radiological instructors in DOE STD-1107-97 Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Key Radiation Protection Positions at DOE Facilities. Training Program Material Development Training Material Presentation Training materials consist of lesson plans, overheads, student guides, and handouts. To ensure appropriate training, facility-specific materials must be added to the materials when necessary to adequately train individuals for facility-specific radiological hazards. It is estimated that this material could be presented in 12 hours. Training Certificates A training certificate that identifies the individual=s current training status may be provided to qualified personnel. Each facility is responsible for determining the training status of employees. Facilities have the option of utilizing a certificate as proof of training. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 6 Training Aids, References Facility-specific training aids should be developed at the facility to suit individual training styles. Each facility may add information, activities, and/or view graphs to enhance the program. Training Program Standards and Policies Lectures, Seminars, Training Exercises, etc. Delinquent Training/Failure Radiological Control Training for Supervisors is designed to be delivered in a classroom setting. An alternate delivery method may be implemented with computer- based training (CBT) equipment or web-based training (WBT) equipment. The presentation of training should include DOE developed materials and facility-specific information. Employees who are delinquent on initial training or retraining should lose their status of being qualified supervisors of radiological workers until successful completion of the delinquent training requirement. Exceptions and Waivers Successful completion of the Radiological Control Training for Supervisors at one DOE site may be recognized by other DOE sites. However, the determination as to the adequacy of training as required by 10 CFR 835-Subpart B is the responsibility of the facility where the individual will be supervising radiological workers. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 7 Administration Training Records Training records and course documentation shall meet the requirements of 10 CFR 835 Subpart H “Records”. Training Program Development/Change Requests All requests for program changes and revisions that are generic in nature may be submitted using DOE F 1300.3 Document Improvement Proposal. A copy of DOE F 1300.3 and instructions are included at the end of this document. Internal Audits Internal verification of training effectiveness may be accomplished through senior instructor or supervisor observation of practical applications and discussions of course material. Results should be documented and maintained by the organization responsible for Radiological Control Training.

Results of this qualitative review indicating less than satisfactory comprehension and application of the training material should promptly be followed by a more extensive evaluation. Evaluating Training Program Effectiveness Verification of the effectiveness of Radiological Control Training for Supervisors should be accomplished by surveying a limited subset of former students in the workplace. This evaluation should include observation of practical applications and discussion of the course Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 8 material. DOE/HSS has issued guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of radiological training through the DOE Operations Offices and DOE Field Offices. These guidelines are available as an attachment to the Program Management Guide of DOE-HDBK-1122-99, “Radiological Control Technician Training.” For additional guidance, refer to DOE-STD-1070-94, “Guidelines for Evaluation of Nuclear Facility Training Programs. The guidelines contained in these documents are relevant for the establishment and implementation of post-training evaluation programs. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 9 References and Supporting Documents National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Report Number 134, Operational Radiation Safety Training, October 2000. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE Order 5480.20A, Personnel Selection, Qualification, and Training Requirements for DOE Nuclear Facilities, November 1994. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1070-94, Guidelines for Evaluation of Nuclear Facility Training Programs, June 1994. U.S. Department of Energy, Occupational Radiation Protection, 10 CFR 835, November 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1107-97, Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Key Radiation Protection Positions at DOE Facilities, January 1997. U.S. Department of Energy, Implementation Guidance for Use with 10 CFR 835, AOccupational Radiation Protection.@ DOE G 441.1-12, Radiation Safety Training Guide, March 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1098-99, Radiological Control, July 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-HDBK-1122-99, Radiological Control Technician Training, July 1999. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Program Management Guide 10 This page intentionally left blank. Part 2 of 5 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Office of Health, Safety and Security U.S. Department of Energy Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide ii This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide iii Table of Contents Page Occupational Radiation Protection Program Policy and Guidance Review..................1–1 10 CFR Part 835, Background and Focus ..................................................................2–1 Administrative Policies and Procedures.......................................................................3–1 Fitness for Duty............................................................................................................4–1 Interpersonal Communication ......................................................................................5–1 Problem Analysis and Decision Making .......................................................................6–1

Motivation ....................................................................................................................7–1 Leadership ...................................................................................................................8–1 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide iv This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Occupational Radiation Protection Program Policy and Guidance Review Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the participant will be able to: 1. Identify the hierarchy of regulatory documents. 2. Define the purposes of 10 CFR Parts 820, 830 and 835. 3. Define the purpose of the DOE Radiological Control Standard. 4. Define the terms “shall” and “should” as used in the above documents. 5. Describe the role of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB) at DOE sites and facilities. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 1.1 – OT 1.17 (may be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Flip chart Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 2 References: U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 820, Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Facilities, 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 830, Nuclear Safety Management, 2001. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection, 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR 850, Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program, 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control, DOE-STD-1098-99, July 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE Radiological Health and Safety Policy, DOE P 441.1, April 26, 1996. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE P 411.1, Safety Management Functions, Responsibilities, and Authorities Policy, 1997. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE O 440.1A, Worker Protection Management for DOE Federal and Contractor Employees, 1998. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 3 I. Introduction II. DOE radiological health and safety A. Policy (some key points in summary) • Conduct oversight to ensure Departmental requirements are being complied with and appropriate radiological work practices are being implemented. • Ensure radiological measurements, analyses, worker monitoring results, and estimates of public exposures are accurate and appropriately made. • Incorporate dose reduction, contamination reduction, and waste minimization features into the design of new facilities and significant modifications to existing facilities in the earliest planning stages. • Establish and maintain, from the lowest to the highest levels, line management involvement and accountability for Departmental radiological performance. • Establish and maintain a system of regulatory policy and guidance. • Ensure appropriate training is developed and delivered and the technical competence of the DOE workforce and their technical competence. • Conduct radiological operations in a manner that controls the spread of radioactive materials and reduces exposure to the work force and the general public and utilizes a process that seeks exposure level as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).

Show OT 1.1 and OT 1.2. State objectives. Discuss that this is from DOE P 441.1 Show OT 1.3. Show OT 1.4. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 4 B. History DOE has provided numerous written standards for on-site radiological protection, the most recent regulation being 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection. This regulation was preceded by: • DOE Notice 5480.6 of June 17, 1992, Radiological Control, which specified that the DOE Radiological Control Manual (DOE/EH- 0256T) would supersede DOE Order 5480.11. • DOE Order 5480.11, Radiation Protection for Occupational Workers (effective December, 1988). The purpose was to establish radiation protection standards and program requirements for DOE and DOE contractors for the protection of workers from ionizing radiation. The establishment of DOE radiological protection standards did not start with these documents. A chronology of dose limits of DOE and its predecessor agencies, the Atomic Energy Commission (1946-1975) and the Energy Research and Development Administration (1975-1977), demonstrate a lowering of whole body dose limits over the last 50 years. In the establishment of these dose limits, DOE has followed recommendations of national and international radiological protection groups, notably the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Show OT 1.5. Discuss that there are different limits, which will be discussed later (e.g., whole body, lens of the eye, and skin). Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 5 C. Hierarchy of requirements Currently within DOE there are two parallel hierarchies of requirements: • Rules and/or regulations (these terms are used interchangeably in this training) • DOE Orders Rules are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and may be subject to enforcement action including civil and criminal penalties. DOE Orders are contractually implemented and enforced through an award/fee contractual arrangement between DOE and the contractor. III. Rules and regulations In response to the enforcement authority in the Price-Anderson Amendments Act (PAAA) of 1988, DOE is converting its contractual requirement in orders to enforceable rules to enhance contractor accountability for safety. 10 CFR 830 governs the conduct of DOE contractors, DOE personnel, and other persons conducting activities (including providing items and services) that affect, or may affect, the safety of DOE nuclear facilities. It includes quality assurance requirements and Technical Safety Requirements. A. DOE enforcement of rules under PAAA 10 CFR Part 820 (effective on September 16, 1993) sets forth the procedures to implement the provisions of the PAAA. Part 820 requires contractors to comply with DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements. . Show OT 1.6. Obj. 1 Identify the hierarchy of regulatory documents. Show OT 1.7. Obj. 2 Define the purposes of 10 CFR Parts 820, 830 and 835. Obj. 2 Define the purposes of 10 CFR Parts 820, 830 and 835. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 6 PAAA demands a “large stick” to enhance contractor accountability for safety. Rules provide authority for the assessment of civil and criminal penalties and thus provide the large stick

B. Penalties under Part 820 1. Civil penalties DOE may assess civil penalties against any person subject to Part 820, for violations of: • Codified rules in the CFR • Compliance orders • Any program or plan required by a rule or compliance order Note: Certain nonprofit educational institutions and other listed institutions are exempt from assessment of civil penalties. 2. Criminal penalties If a person subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, or Nuclear Safety Requirements, has by action or omission knowingly and willfully violated, caused to be violated, attempted to violate, or conspired to violate any section of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, or applicable DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements, the person shall be subject to criminal sanctions. 3. The “carrot and stick” approach DOE may provide monetary incentives in its management and operating (M&O) contracts for actions consistent with or exceeding requirements, and to penalize actions and activities that were not in compliance with requirements. Discuss site-specific monetary incentives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 7 Noncompliance with the Radiation Protection Program can subject a contractor to PAAA enforcement. There are provisions to mitigate penalties for self-identifying and reporting violations. C. DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements are the set of enforceable rules, regulations, or orders relating to nuclear safety that have been adopted by DOE (or by another agency if DOE specifically identifies it). Compliance orders are issued by the Secretary. They identify a situation that violates, potentially violates, or otherwise is inconsistent with the: • Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended • Nuclear statutes • Nuclear Safety Requirements Compliance orders: • Mandate a remedy or other action • States the reason for the remedy or other action D. 10 CFR Part 835 On December 14, 1993, DOE published a final rule in the Federal Register (58 FR 65458) Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection (10 CFR 835). On November 4, 1998 an amendment to 10 CFR 835 was published in the Federal Register (63 FR 59663). The purpose of 10 CFR 835 is the codification of radiological protection requirements. It contains “shall” statements, which are legally binding. It also contains: Show OT 1.8. Obj. 2 Define the purposes of 10 CFR Parts 820, 830 and 835. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 8 • Prescriptive language • Added emphasis on ALARA • Requirements for a Radiation Protection Program (RPP) • Federal law • Criminal and civil penalties for violations E. Radiation Protection Program (10 CFR Part 835) Each site, under Part 835, must submit to DOE a written Radiation Protection Program (RPP). The cognizant DOE program office reviews submitted RPPs for approval. The RPP requires careful consideration because noncompliance may subject a contractor to PAAA enforcement F. Guidance documents for 10 CFR Part 835 Two types of regulatory guidance documents have been developed: • Guidance for implementing the provisions of 10 CFR Part 835. • Guidance providing technical positions. The above are available through the DOE HS-11 website at: Insert appropriate URL

Unlike the requirements specifically set forth in 10 CFR Part 835, the provisions in guidance documents are not mandatory. They are intended solely to describe the rationale for, and the objectives of, regulatory requirements and/or to identify acceptable methods for implementing regulatory requirements. Discuss what is meant by prescriptive language, i.e. clearly stated requirements (not vague). Show OT 1.9. Show OT 1.10. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 9 Failure to follow a guidance document does not in itself indicate noncompliance with a specific requirement of the rule. A finding of noncompliance is found for a failure to satisfy the regulatory requirement. Following a guidance document in the prescribed manner will ordinarily create a presumption of compliance with a related regulatory requirement. 1. Technical guidance Technical guidance describes and disseminates technical methods and techniques for fulfilling implementation and, in turn, the requirements in 10 CFR Part 835. Examples of these guidance are DOE Technical Standards and DOE Radiological Control Technical Positions (RCTPs). 2. Implementation guides (IGs) Implementation guidance is intended to identify and make available to DOE contractors basic program elements and acceptable methods for implementing specific provisions of the final rule. Thirteen implementation guides have been developed for 10 CFR Part 835. G. Relationship between 10 CFR Part 835 and 10 CFR Part 20 10 CFR Part 20 is the occupational radiological regulation issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The question of consistency among federal agencies in their occupational radiological protection regulations became a major point of discussion during the rule making process. Refer students to website for RCTPs: (insert appropriate URL) Review RCTPs and discuss as applicable to the site. Refer students to website for IGs: (insert appropriate URL) Show OT 1.11. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 10 While agreeing with the goal of consistency, DOE believes that it must promulgate its own regulations because of the unique nature and diversity of radiological activities within the DOE complex. The final rule allows DOE to establish more rigorous requirements in areas of particular concern. Overall 10 CFR Part 835 has many similarities as 10 CFR Part 20. IV. DOE STD Radiological Control A. Radiological Control In January 1992, a memorandum was sent to the heads of DOE elements involved in managing radiological control programs. In the memorandum, the Secretary directed a series of initiatives to enhance the conduct of radiological operations within the Department of Energy. Also in this memo, the Assistant Secretary of Environment, Safety and Health was directed to develop a comprehensive and definitive radiological control manual. The DOE Radiological Control Manual was developed to meet that directive and was approved by the Secretary and promulgated with DOE Notice 5480.6, Radiological Control, in July 1992. After the issuance of 10 CFR 835 as a final rule in December 1993, DOE Notice N441.1, Radiological Protection for DOE Activities, was issued on 9-30-95. This cancelled the notice which made the Radiological Control Manual a requirements document. However, the notice stated that "cancelled orders that are incorporated by reference in a contract shall remain in effect until the contract is modified to delete the reference.

N441.1 also retained some of the radiation protection requirements from the Radiological Control Manual that were not included in 10 CFR 835. Show OT 1.12. Obj. 3 Define the purpose of the DOE Radiological Control Standard. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 11 In July, 1999, the Radiological Control Manual was replaced by the standard, DOE-STD-1098- 99, Radiological Control. Many DOE sites contractually must still adhere to the provisions of either the Radiological Control Manual or the Radiological Control Standard. Subsequent to the 1998 amendment to 10 CFR 835, the effective date of N441.1 has passed. The DOE Radiological Control Standard is not regulatory in nature. It is a guidance document that describes DOE’s policy and expectations for an excellent radiological control program. 1. Implementation If a site fully implements a provision of the DOE Radiological Control Standard, the user will have most likely complied with any related statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirements. Users are cautioned that they must review the source document (10 CFR 835) to ensure compliance. 2. Enforceability When incorporated into contracts, the provisions of the DOE Radiological Control Standard or Manual are binding requirements. If portions of the Site-Specific Radiological Control Manual are incorporated in the RPP under Part 835 and approved by DOE, they are also binding. B. The Site-Specific Radiological Control Manual • The DOE Radiological Control Standard states that a Site-Specific Radiological Control Manual should be written and followed. . Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 12 C. Relationship between 10 CFR Part 835 and the DOE Radiological Control Standard 1. Compliance • The Office of Enforcement (HS-40) will enforce 10 CFR Part 835. It can assess fines and penalties. • The Program Offices will audit for both compliance with 10 CFR 835 and contractual agreements including the DOE Radiological Control Standard or Manual, Orders, etc. Results of these audits can affect the contractor’s award fee. 2. What if there are conflicts? 10 CFR Part 835 takes precedence over the DOE Radiological Control Standard and DOE orders. It is unlikely that there will be a conflict between the two documents, although one document may contain provisions that are not addressed in the other. Show OT 1.13. What is the relationship between Part 835 and the DOE Radiological Control Standard regarding compliance issues? Show OT 1.14. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 13 It is planned that all requirements for nuclear safety will be incorporated into rules. 3. “Shall” and “should” statements • 10 CFR Part 835 contains “shall” statements. “Shall” statements in Part 835 are legally binding. Processes for exemption relief from Part 835 are set forth in Subpart E to Part 820. If relief is requested from provisions of Part 835, the exemption must be considered and granted, if appropriate, by the Chief Health, Safety and Security Officer (HS -1). • The use of “should” in the DOE Radiological Control Standard recognizes that there may be site- or facility-specific attributes that warrant special treatment. It also recognizes that literal compliance with the elements and requirements of the provision may not achieve the desired level of radiological control performance.

Obj. 4 Define the terms “shall” and “should” as used in the above documents. Refer students to website for exemption decisions: Insert appropriate URL Review exemption decisions and discuss as applicable to the site. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 14 D. DOE Standards DOE has developed several technical standards for occupational radiation protection. Depending on the site-specific application, some standards are required to be followed. For example, sites which need to monitor individual external exposures to ionizing radiation need to follow the DOE Laboratory Accreditation Program (DOELAP) standards. Other standards may be incorporated by reference in the site RPP. Other standards provide technical guidance on specific applications, but adherence to the standard may not be required. E. Other Safety Policy and Orders In addition to the occupational radiation protection requirements and recommendations previously discussed, DOE has established requirements for worker protection from other hazards. Some of these include: • DOE P 411.1 Safety Management Functions, Responsibilities, and Authorities Policy • DOE O 440.1A Worker Protection Management for DOE Federal and Contractor Employees • 10 CFR 850 Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program Show OT 1.15. Refer students to website for technical standards: (Insert appropriate URL) Radiation protection standards are also on: (Insert appropriate URL) Review standards and discuss as applicable to the site. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 15 V. Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board A. Establishment The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 was amended by adding Chapter 21, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB). This amendment established an independent board in the executive branch to provide oversight of some DOE operations at DOE facilities and sites. B. Members The DNFSB consists of five members appointed by the President with consent of the Senate. The Board shall: • Review and evaluate standards • Investigate any event or practice at a DOE defense nuclear facility that the Board determines has adversely affected or may adversely affect public health and safety. The Board may: • Establish reporting requirements for the Secretary of Energy By evaluating how well DOE meets its objectives, the DNFSB helps DOE achieve and maintain excellence in radiological protection. C. Secretary of Energy The Secretary of Energy shall fully cooperate with the Board. Obj. 7 Describe the role of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB) at DOE sites and facilities. Show OT 1.16. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor's Guide Module 1 - 16 D. DNFSB Recommendations DNFSB provides DOE with recommendations for improving safety at DOE defense nuclear facilities. Examples include: DNFSB Recommendation 91-6 dealt with radiological protection concerns throughout the DOE defense nuclear facilities complex, and identified several actions to be taken by the Department to improve radiological protection performance. DNFSB Recommendation 92-7 dealt with training and qualification at DOE sites and facilities. DNFSB Recommendation 98-1 dealt with resolution of internal audit findings. DNFSB Recommendation 99-1 dealt with safe storage of fissionable materials.

Implementation of DOE and site commitments made in response to DNFSB recommendations are areas to review during an assessment. Show OT 1.17. Summarize lesson. Review objectives. Ask for questions. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: 10 CFR Part 835, Background and Focus Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the participant will be able to: 1. Describe the contents of 10 CFR Part 835. 2. Identify the site requirements of 10 CFR Part 835. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 2.1 – OT 2.32 (may be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Student Materials: Student’s Guide 10 CFR 835 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 2 References: U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 820, Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Facilities, 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection, 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, Order 5400.5, Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment, 1990. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1107-97 Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Key Radiation Protection Positions at DOE Facilities, 1997. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE G 441.1, Management and Administration of Radiation Protection Programs Guide, 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE G 441.1-11, Occupational Radiation Protection Record-Keeping and Reporting Guide, 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE G 441.1-12, Radiation Safety Training Guide, 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE O 231.1, Change 2, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting, 2000. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE M 231.1-1, Change 2, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting Manual, 2000. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control Technical Position, Questions and Answers Concerning Acceptable Approaches to Implementing Bioassay Program Requirements, DOE RCTP 01-01, 2001. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 1 I. Introduction This module provides an overview of many of the provisions of 10 CFR 835. For completeness, individuals should always reference back to 10 CFR 835 for the complete text. II. Outline of 10 CFR Part 835 Part 835 is the codification of radiological protection requirements. Part 835 contains 14 subparts and five appendices. The outline consists of the following subparts: A — General Provisions B — Management and Administrative Requirements C — Standards for Internal and External Exposure D — Reserved E — Monitoring of Individuals and Areas F — Entry Control Program G — Posting and Labeling H — Records I — Reports to Individuals J — Radiation Safety Training K — Design and Control L — Radioactive Contamination Control M — Sealed Radioactive Source Control N — Emergency Exposure Situations Under 10 CFR Part 835, each site must submit a Radiation Protection Program (RPP). Part 835 helps to ensure that DOE facilities are operated in a manner such that occupational radiological exposure of workers is maintained within acceptable limits and as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). Show OT 2.1. Emphasize that this lesson is an overview of major areas of 10 CFR Part 835. Not every provision is addressed in this module 10 CFR 835 should be reviewed in its entirety to ensure compliance.

Provide copies of 10 CFR 835 for reference. State objectives. Show OT 2.2. Obj. 1 Describe the contents of 10 CFR Part 835. Show OT 2.3. Obj. 2 Identify the site requirements of 10 CFR Part 835. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 2 A. Subpart A - General Provisions Subpart A contains the scope of the rule. The rule in this part establishes radiological protection standards, limits, and program requirements for protecting individuals from ionizing radiation resulting from the conduct of DOE activities. It also includes activities excluded from the provisions of the rule. Activities that are excluded include the following (summarized): • Activities regulated through a license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or a state under an agreement with the NRC. • Activities conducted under the authority of the Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. • Specified activities conducted under the Nuclear Explosives and Weapons Surety Program. • Radioactive material transportation. • DOE activities in other countries with acceptable radiation protection program. • Background radiation. Occupational doses received as a result of excluded activities and radioactive material transportation, as listed above, shall be considered when determining compliance with the occupational dose limits (835.202 and 835.207), and with the limits for the embryo/fetus (835.206). Subpart A also addresses: • Definitions • Radiological units (Curie, rad, roentgen, rem, and multiples) Show OT 2.4. Discuss radioactive material transportation definition. Show OT 2.5. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 3 B. Subpart B - Management and Administrative Requirements The RPP shall: • Include formal plans and measures for applying the ALARA process to occupational exposures. • Specify the existing and/or anticipated operational task. • Address, but not be limited to, each requirement in Part 835. • Include plans, schedules, and other measures for achieving compliance. DOE may direct or make modifications to an RPP. An initial RPP or update shall be considered approved 180 days after its submission unless rejected by DOE at an earlier date. Compliance with 835.402(d) for radiobioassay program accreditation shall be achieved no later than January 1, 2002. Internal Audits (10 CFR 835.102) Internal audits of the radiation protection program, including examination of program content and implementation, shall be conducted through a process that ensures that all functional elements are reviewed no less frequently than every 36 months. This training material and DOE G 441.1, Management and Administration of Radiation Protection Programs Guide, provide guidance on DOE's expectations. Show OT 2.6. Discuss again DOE's series of Implementation Guides and their purpose. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 4 Education, Training and Skills (10 CFR 835.103) Individuals responsible for developing and implementing measures necessary for ensuring compliance with the requirements of this part shall have the appropriate education, training, and skills to discharge these responsibilities. DOE STD-1107-97 Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Key Radiation Protection Positions at DOE Facilities, provides guidance on DOE's expectations. Written Procedures (10 CFR 835.104)

Written procedures are required, as necessary, to ensure compliance with 835, commensurate with radiological hazards and education, training and skills of exposed individuals. C. Subpart C - Standards for Internal and External Exposure This subpart addresses limits for: • General employees (occupational) • Embryos/fetus of declared pregnant worker (i.e., A woman who has voluntarily declared to her employer, in writing, her pregnancy for the purpose of being subject to the occupational dose limits to the embryo/fetus. This declaration may be revoked, in writing, at any time by the declared pregnant worker.) • Occupationally exposed minors • General public in a controlled area It also addresses: • Planned special exposures • Nonuniform exposures of the skin • Concentrations of radioactive material in air Show OT 2.7. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 5 1. Summary of dose limits 10 CFR Part 835 employs the rem unit for several different physical quantities (i.e. absorbed dose, effective dose equivalent, total effective dose equivalent, dose equivalent, committed dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent). For information about these quantities refer to 10 CFR Part 835 definitions. This training will use the term “dose” as a general term for all the above terms. These are the Federal limits. DOE encourages sites to adopt more restrictive Administrative Control Levels (ACLs). For most facilities an ACL of 500 mrem or less will be challenging for radiological workers. Show OT 2.8 and OT 2.9. Exposed Individual Annual Limit General Employee: Whole Body (internal and external) (TEDE) 5.0 rem General Employee: Lens of Eye (DE) 15.0 rem General Employee: Extremity (below elbow and knees) and skin (SDE) 50.0 rem General Employee: Any Organ or Tissue (other than lens of eye) (DDE + CDE) 50.0 rem Declared Pregnant Worker: Embryo/Fetus (gestation period) (DE) 0.5 rem Occupationally Exposed Minors (under age 18): ((TEDE) 0.1 rem * Members of the Public in Controlled Areas: (TEDE) 0.1 rem * And 10% of other general employee limit 2. Planned special exposures (PSEs) It is acknowledged that unusual conditions can arise in which well documented higher- than-normal doses can be justified. In these well-planned, well-controlled, and highly infrequent and unusual conditions operating management would be permitted to allow specified individual exposures exceeding the occupational limit. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 6 The term "unusual conditions" is made clear by specifying that alternatives which would preclude exposures higher than the prescribed dose limits must be either unavailable or impractical. 10 CFR 835.204 specifies requirements for annual and lifetime dose from PSEs. It also specifies requirements for determining previous individual exposures prior to allowing a PSE. Every PSE must be approved in advance by DOE and requires the informed consent of the employee involved. 3. Concentration of radioactive material in air Appendices A and C contain the derived air concentration (DAC) values used in the control of occupational exposure to airborne radioactive material. DACs are listed in appendices A and C of 10 CFR 835. For intakes (appendix A), they are the airborne concentration that equals the annual limit on intake (ALI) divided by the volume of air breathed by an average worker for a working year of 2000 hours (assuming a breathing volume of 2400 m3).

The ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by a standardized man that would result in a CEDE of 5 rems or a CDE of 50 rems to any individual organ or tissue. Show OT 2.10. Show OT 2.11. Define DAC in terms of dose equivalent. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 7 Appendix C contains DACs for controlling external dose from being immersed in a cloud of airborne radioactive material. Estimation of internal dose shall be based on bioassay data rather than air concentration values unless bioassay data are: • Unavailable (e.g., radon or very short lived radioisotopes) • Less accurate than internal dose estimates based on representative air concentration values • Inadequate D. Subpart D - Reserved Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 8 E. Subpart E - Monitoring of Individuals and Areas This subpart addresses: • General requirements • Instrumentation • Individual monitoring - external • Individual monitoring - internal • Air monitoring • Receipt of packages containing radioactive material 1. General requirements (10 CFR 835.401) Monitoring of individuals and areas shall be performed to: • Demonstrate compliance with Part 835. • Document radiological conditions. • Detect changes in the radiological conditions. • Detect the gradual buildup of radioactive material. • Verify the effectiveness of engineering and process controls in containing radioactive material and reducing radiation exposure. • Identify and control potential sources of individual exposure to radiation and/or radioactive material. Show OT 2.12. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 9 2. Instrumentation Instruments and equipment used for monitoring and contamination control shall be: • Periodically maintained and calibrated on an established frequency. • Appropriate for the type(s), levels, and energies of the radiation(s) encountered. • Appropriate for existing environmental conditions. • Routinely tested for operability. 3. Individual monitoring - external (10 CFR 835.402) For the purpose of monitoring individual exposure to external radiation, personnel dosimetry shall be provided to and used by: • Radiological Workers likely to receive: – An effective dose equivalent to the whole body of 0.1 rem (100 mrem) or more in a year – A shallow dose equivalent to the skin or to any extremity of 5 rem or more in a year – A lens of the eye dose equivalent of 1.5 rem or more in a year • Declared Pregnant Workers who are likely to receive from external sources a dose equivalent to the embryo/fetus in excess of 10 percent of the applicable limit in 10 CFR 835.206(a). Show OT 2.13. Show OT 2.14. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 10 • Members of the public in a controlled area and occupationally exposed minors likely to receive, in one year, from external sources, a dose in excess of 50 percent of the applicable limit in 10 CFR 835 Subpart C. • Individuals entering a High or Very High Radiation Area. DOE Laboratory Accreditation for Personnel Dosimetry is required for external dose monitoring programs implemented to demonstrate compliance with 10 CFR 835. 4. Individual monitoring - internal (10 CFR 835.402) Internal dose evaluation programs

(including routine bioassay programs) shall be conducted for: • Radiological Workers who, under typical conditions, are likely to receive 0.1 rem or more committed effective dose equivalent from all occupational radionuclide intakes in a year. • Declared Pregnant Workers likely to receive an intake or intakes resulting in a dose equivalent to the embryo/fetus in excess of 10 percent of the limit stated in 10 CFR 835.206(a). • Members of the public in a controlled area and occupationally exposed minors who are likely to receive a committed effective dose equivalent in excess of 50 percent of the applicable limit in 10 CFR 835 Subpart C from all intakes in a year. Show OT 2.15. Emphasize how it is important to integrate several aspects of the radiological control program into an effective internal dose monitoring program. These include: bioassay (selection of participants and isotopes to be monitored), air monitoring, and contamination monitoring (both personnel and area). RCTP 2001-01 describes an acceptable approach for implementing an internal dose monitoring program. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 11 DOE Laboratory Accreditation for Radiobioassay is required for internal dose monitoring programs implemented to demonstrate compliance with 10 CFR 835. 5. Air monitoring (10 CFR 835.403) Measurements of radioactivity concentrations in the ambient air of the workplace shall be performed as follows: • Air sampling shall be performed in occupied areas where an individual is likely to receive an exposure of 40 DAC- hrs or more in a year (i.e. an annual intake of 2 percent or more of the specific ALI value) for the mixture of isotopes. • Samples shall be taken as necessary to characterize the levels or concentration of airborne radioactive material when respirators are worn for radiation protection purposes. • Real-time air monitoring shall be performed when there is a need to alert potentially exposed individuals to unexpected increases in airborne radioactivity levels such that immediate action is necessary in order to minimize or stop inhalation exposures. Compliance due date 1-1-02. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 12 6. Receipt of Packages Containing Radioactive Material (10 CFR 835.405) Establishes requirements to monitor certain types of packages and sets a time limit of not later than 8 hours after the beginning of the working day following receipt of the package. F. Subpart F - Entry Control Program (10 CFR 835.501) Subpart F addresses entry into: • Radiological Areas • High Radiation Areas • Very High Radiation Areas 1. Radiological Areas The degree of control shall be commensurate with existing and potential radiological hazards within the area. Show OT 2.16. Show OT 2.17. Discuss different types of radiological areas. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 13 One or more of the following methods shall be used to ensure control: • Signs and barricades • Control devices on entrances • Conspicuous visual and/or audible alarms • Locked entrance ways • Administrative controls “No control(s) shall be installed at any radiological area exit that would prevent rapid evacuation of personnel under emergency conditions.” 2. High Radiation Areas A High Radiation Area is an area where

radiation levels exist such that an individual could exceed a deep dose equivalent to the whole body of 0.1 rem in any one hour at 30 centimeters from the source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates. If an individual could receive a deep dose equivalent exceeding 1.0 rem in an hour (at 30 cm), a High Radiation Area shall have one or more of the following: • A control device that prevents entry to the area when high radiation levels exist or that, upon entry, causes the radiation level to be reduced below that level that defines a High Radiation Area. • A device that functions automatically to prevent use or operation of the radiation source or field while individuals are in the area. Show OT 2.18. Show OT 2.19. Show OT 2.20. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 14 • A control device that energizes a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal so that the individual entering the High Radiation Area and the supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry. • Entryways that are locked. During periods when access to the area is required, positive control over each entry is maintained. • Continuous direct or electronic surveillance that is capable of preventing unauthorized entry. • A control device generating audible and visual alarm signals to alert personnel in the area before use or operation of the radiation source and in sufficient time to permit evacuation of the are or activation of a secondary control device that will prevent use or operation of the source. 3. Very High Radiation Areas A Very High Radiation Area is an area in which an individual could receive a dose in excess of 500 rad in one hour at 1 meter from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates. In addition to the requirements for a High Radiation Area, additional measures shall be implemented to ensure individuals are not able to gain unauthorized access to Very High Radiation Areas. “No control(s) shall be established in a High or Very High Radiation Area that would prevent rapid evacuation of personnel.” Show OT 2.21. Show OT 2.22. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 15 G. Subpart G - Posting and Labeling Subpart G addresses the general requirements for signs: • Yellow background • Black or magenta radiation symbol • Clear and conspicuous signs In addition, Subpart G addresses specific posting requirements for: • Controlled Areas • Radiation Areas • High Radiation Areas • Very High Radiation Areas • Airborne Radioactivity Areas • Contamination Areas • High Contamination Areas • Radioactive Material Areas This subpart also addresses exceptions to posting and labeling. H. Subpart H - Records Subpart H addresses requirements for records documenting compliance with Part 835 and with the Radiation Protection Program. Records that are specifically required include those necessary to demonstrate compliance with the ALARA provisions of the rule. Show OT 2.23. Discuss posting and labeling exceptions. Show OT 2.24. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 16 10 CFR 835 also requires that certain records be maintained, including records of: • Individual monitoring • Sealed source inventory and control • Results of surveys for the release of material and equipment

• Results of specified monitoring for radiation and radioactive material • Maintenance and calibration of radiation monitoring instruments • Internal audits Each individual’s training as a general employee and as a Radiological Worker must be recorded. Where appropriate, demonstration and documentation of proficiency is required. Refer to 10 CFR 835 Subpart H for a complete listing of required records. DOE G 441.1-11, Occupational Radiation Protection Record-Keeping and Reporting Guide, provides additional guidance on record-keeping requirements, including reference to DOE O 231.1, Change 2, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting, and DOE M 231.1-1, Change 2, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting Manual. This order and manual specify radiation protection reporting requirements that may be applicable to the site or facility being assessed. I. Subpart I - Reports to Individuals (10 CFR 835.801) Subpart I addresses reports to individuals and their accessibility to reports, including: Discuss applicability of O 231.1 to the site or facility. Show OT 2.25. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 17 On an annual basis, each DOE or DOE contractor-operated site or facility must provide each individual monitored for occupational exposure a radiation dose report of his/her occupational exposure at that site or facility. Upon the request from an individual terminating employment, records of exposure shall be provided to that individual as soon as the data are available, but not later than 90 days after termination. A written estimate of the radiation dose received by that employee based on available information shall be provided at the time of termination, if requested. J. Subpart J - Radiation Safety Training This subpart addresses radiation safety training. The tailored approach to training requirements are based on: • Unescorted access to or receiving occupational dose in controlled areas (e.g., General Employees) • Unescorted access to radiological areas or unescorted assignment as Radiological Workers Requirements of Part 835 include: • Verification by examination for certain training (e.g., Radiological Worker Training) • Intervals of training not to exceed twenty four months • List of topics which must be included in training • Provisions for limited use of escorts in lieu of training Show OT 2.26. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 18 DOE G 441.1-12, Radiation Safety Training Guide, provides additional guidance on DOE's expectations on radiation safety training. K. Subpart K - Design and Control Subpart K addresses added emphasis on facility and equipment design and administrative controls to maintain radiological exposures ALARA. 1. Facility design and modifications (10 CFR 835.1001) During the design of new facilities or modification of old facilities, the following objectives shall be adopted: • Optimal methods shall be used to assure ALARA • Maintain exposure levels below an average of 0.5 mrem/hr • Avoid release of radioactivity to the workplace atmosphere • The design or modification of a facility and the selection of materials shall include features that facilitate operations, maintenance, decontamination, and decommissioning Show OT 2.27. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 19

2. Workplace controls (10 CFR 835.1003) During routine operations, the combination of physical design features and administrative control shall provide that: • The anticipated occupational dose to general employees shall not exceed the limits • The ALARA process is utilized for personnel exposures to ionizing radiation L. Subpart L - Radioactive Contamination Control 1. Control of material and equipment This section addresses the requirements for release of materials and equipment from radiological areas to controlled areas. Releases to uncontrolled areas are addressed in DOE O 5400.5 and are not addressed in this training. Some of the provisions of 10 CFR 835 Subpart L: • Specifies conditions for material and equipment in contamination areas (CAs), high contamination areas (HCAs), and airborne radioactivity areas (ARAs) to be released to a controlled area • Addresses movement of material and equipment with removable surface contamination, on-site from one radiological area for immediate placement in another radiological area • Specifies conditions for material and equipment with fixed contamination to be released for use in controlled areas outside of radiological areas Show OT 2.28. Show OT 2.29. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 20 Control of Areas (10 CFR 835.1102) addresses • Prevention of inadvertent transfer or removal of contamination to locations outside radiological areas under normal conditions • Where contamination levels exceed values in Appendix D, the area is controlled commensurate with hazards • Areas with fixed contamination exceeding radioactivity values may be located outside radiological areas, provided certain controls, conditions, or provisions are met • Personnel monitoring for contamination upon exiting CAs, HCAs, or ARAs • Use of protective clothing in CAs and HCAs M. Subpart M - Sealed Radioactive Source Control Sealed radioactive sources shall be used, handled and stored in a manner commensurate with the hazard. Specifies values (Appendix E) for sources by isotope and Curie content which must be inventoried and leak tested at intervals not to exceed six months. N. Subpart N - Emergency Exposure Situations This subpart addresses: • Employees who have exceeded dose limits as result of authorized emergency exposure • Nuclear accident dosimetry Show OT 2.30. Show OT 2.31. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 21 Individuals whose occupational exposures have exceeded any limits as a result of an authorized emergency exposure may be permitted to return to work provided that certain conditions are met. Nuclear accident dosimetry involves installations possessing sufficient quantities of fissile material to constitute a critical mass, and shall include; • Method to conduct initial screening of personnel involved • Method and equipment for analysis of biological materials • A system of fixed nuclear accident dosimeter units • Personal nuclear accident dosimeters Show OT 2.32. Summarize lesson. Review objectives. Ask for questions. T T Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 2 - 22 This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Administrative Policies and

Procedures Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to: 1. Identify the radiological controlled areas a person should be allowed to enter after successfully completing General Employee Radiological Training, Radiological Worker I training, and Radiological Worker II training. 2. List five actions used to increase the awareness level of workers relating to proper radiological work practices. 3. Identify three conditions when a “Stop Radiological Work” should be initiated. 4. Identify the actions that should be performed, prior to recommencement of work, after a “Stop Radiological Work” order has been initiated. 5. Identify when termination bioassay monitoring should be conducted. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 3.1 - OT 3.12 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Handout Equipment Needs: Overhead projector/Screen Flip chart/Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 2 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Administrative Policies and Procedures References: U.S. Department of Energy, Order 5480.20A, Personnel Selection, Qualification, and Training Requirements for DOE Nuclear Facilities, 1994. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection, 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control, DOE-STD-1098-99, July 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control Technical Position, Questions and Answers Concerning Acceptable Approaches to Implementing Bioassay Program Requirements, DOE RCTP 01-01, 2001. Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 3 I. Introduction II. A. The RadCon Standard (DOE-STD-1098-99) is a guidance document that describes DOE's policy and expectations for an excellent radiological control program, including radiation safety training for general employees, radiological workers and Radiological Control Technicians (RCTs). Radiological safety training General Employee Radiological Training Personnel who may routinely enter controlled areas unescorted or receive occupational exposure during access to controlled areas should receive General Employee Radiological Training (GERT). GERT is generally recommended for all employees. Radiological Worker I and II • Workers whose job assignments require access to radiological buffer areas and radiation areas should complete Radiological Worker I training. Introduce module. Show OT 3.1 and OT 3.2. State objectives. Show OT 3.3. Obj. 1 Identify the radiological controlled areas a person should be allowed to enter after successfully completing General Employee Radiological Training, Radiological Worker I training, and Radiological Worker II training. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 4 • Workers whose job assignments involve entry to the following areas should complete Radiological Worker II training: – Radiological buffer areas – Radiation areas – High and very high radiation areas – Contamination and high contamination areas – Soil contamination areas – Airborne radioactivity areas • Radiological Worker I training is not a prerequisite for Radiological Worker II training. • The following apply to specialized radiological worker training:

– Completed for nonroutine operations or work in areas with changing radiological conditions – Taken in addition to Radiological Worker II training – Recommended for personnel planning, preparing, and performing jobs that have the potential for high radiological consequences • RCTs – Chapter 6 of the Radiological Control Standard provides guidance on training of RCTs. B. Radiological Controls Program Line managers who manage, supervise or provide oversight of a Radiological Controls Program should receive training that is helpful in dealing with workers who have anxiety about radiation. This training should include the following: • Guidance on handling such personnel interactions • Emphasis on being factual • Fundamentals of communicating risks Review: “Radiological Control Training Guidelines” (RadCon Standard, Table 3-1, page 3-15) Insert site-specific information. Show OT 3.4. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 5 • Importance of keeping management informed C. Radiological operations Conduct radiological operations in a manner that controls the spread of radioactive materials, reduces exposure of the work force and the general public, and utilizes a process that seeks exposure levels that are as low as reasonably achievable. Responsibilities 1. Supervisors should ensure that orientation, training, and indoctrination reinforce rules and guidelines for each worker to minimize radiation exposure and control radioactivity. 2. Prevention of the spread of radioactivity is less costly than remediation. Management should be willing to accept changes that will improve radiological control and should foster this mindset throughout the organization. 3. Supervisors and managers should encourage the work force to identify radiological control deficiencies and concerns. Prompt action should be taken to address and eliminate identified issues and prevent recurrence. 4. In cases where the work force does not have the required level of sensitivity for radiological work practices, additional management attention is needed to ensure the proper outcome. Actions should include the following: • More direct line supervision • Curtailment of work schedules • Deferral of work Insert site-specific training provided to managers. Show OT 3.5. . Show OT 3.6. Emphasize prompt action. Obj. 2 List five actions used to increase the awareness level of workers relating to proper radiological work practices. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 6 • Addition of extra radiological control personnel • Conduct of additional training 5. As part of their normal work review, work supervisors should periodically review ongoing jobs to ensure prescribed radiological controls are being implemented and periodically monitor those work areas. 6. Identify conditions that could lead to or promote the spread of contamination, or unsafe work and ensure corrections are implemented on a priority basis 7. “Stop Radiological Work” authority • “Stop Radiological Work” authority may be initiated for the following reasons: – Radiological controls are inadequate. – Radiological controls not being implemented. – Radiological control hold points not being satisfied. – Job scope changed. – Area conditions changed. • Once stopped, work should not be resumed until proper radiological controls have been established.

• Resumption of radiological work should have the approval of the manager responsible for the work and the Radiological Control Manager. D. Radiological measurements Ensure radiological measurements, analyses, worker monitoring results, and estimates of public exposure are accurately and appropriately made and documented. Insert site-specific information. Show OT 3.7. Reference RadCon Standard Article 345 Obj. 3 Identify three conditions when a “Stop Radiological Work” should be initiated. Insert site-specific information. Obj. 4 Identify the actions that should be performed, prior to recommencement of work, after a “Stop Radiological Work” order has been initiated. Show OT 3.8. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 7 1. Personnel radiological records include the following: • Records of doses received by individuals monitored • Records containing information to identify individuals • External dose records shall include the following: – Applicable extremity, skin, eye, and whole body dose results – Evaluations resulting from anomalous dose results – Dose reconstruction – Evaluation of nonuniform doses • Internal dose records shall include the following: – Applicable whole body and lung counting results – Applicable bioassay results – Dose assessment • Records of dose equivalent to any organ • Total effective dose equivalent on annual bases • Dose equivalent to embryo/fetus of declared pregnant worker • Lifetime occupational dose, including cumulative total • Documented counseling of persons about radiological concerns • Records for authorization to exceed administrative control levels Review: “Personnel Radiological Records” (RadCon Standard, page 7-5) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 8 • Emergency dose (shall be accounted for separately, but maintained with individual’s record) • Records of dose to skin caused by contamination • Radiological incidents • Radiological safety concerns, formally investigated • Records of formal written declaration of pregnancy 2. Internal monitoring • Baseline bioassay monitoring of personnel who are likely to receive intakes resulting in a committed effective dose equivalent of 100 mrem or more shall be conducted. This must be done before beginning any work that may expose them to internal radiation exposure. • Management should require termination bioassay monitoring when a person who participated in the bioassay program terminates employment or concludes work that involves the potential for internal exposure. • Bioassay analyses (routine bioassay) are performed at site specified frequencies following certain work activities • Bioassay analyses (special bioassay) should be performed when any of the following occur: – Facial or nasal contamination is detected that indicates the potential for internal contamination. – Airborne monitoring indicates the potential for intakes exceeding 100 mrem committed effective dose equivalent. Emphasize how it is important to integrate several aspects of the radiological control program into an effective internal dose monitoring program. These include: bioassay (selection of participants and isotopes to be monitored), air monitoring, and contamination monitoring (both personnel and area). RCTP 2001-01 describes an acceptable approach for implementing an internal dose monitoring program.

Obj. 5 Identify when termination bioassay monitoring should be conducted. Discuss site program for routine bioassay. Show OT 3.9. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 9 – Any contaminated wound. – Contamination on protective clothing, skin or facial area or unplanned spread of contamination on accessible areas above site specified thresholds. – Detectable contamination inside a respirator after its removal. – The Radiological Control Organization directs that bioassay analyses be performed when an intake is suspected. E. Reducing exposure Incorporate dose reduction, contamination reduction, and waste minimization features into the design of new facilities, or modification of existing facilities. 1. Maintenance and modification plans and procedures should be reviewed to identify and incorporate radiological requirements, such as the following: • Engineered controls • Dose reduction considerations • Contamination reduction considerations F. Radiological performance Establish and maintain, from the lowest to the highest levels, line management involvement and accountability for Departmental radiological performance. See page 55 of DOE-STD-1121- 98 for recommended values for thresholds. Show OT 3.10. Show OT 3.11. Review: “Checklist for Reducing Occupational Radiation Exposure” (RadCon Standard, page 3-29) Show OT 3.12. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 3 - 10 1. Radiological performance goals • Goals are intended as a measure of and a motivation for improvement, and not an end in themselves. • Performance goals should have these characteristics: – Measurable – Achievable – Auditable – Challenging – Meaningful in promoting improvement • Goals need to be developed primarily by those responsible for performing the work. • Site-specific goals need to be developed. 2. Performance indicators • Performance indicators should be used as tools to assist management in focusing their priorities and attention. • Performance indicators should be tracked and trended for the prior 12-month period. • To promote worker awareness of their radiation exposure status, selected indicators related to their work group should be posted in the workplace. • Site-specific indicator status reports should be tracked. Show and discuss site-specific goals. Identify other site-specific goals. List on flip chart. If available, show a recent site- specific indicator status report. Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4–1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Fitness for Duty Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to: 1. Identify ways to verify employee- and operation-specific training requirements for personnel. 2. Identify methods to determine an employee's dose status. 3. Describe how the Lifetime Control Level is calculated for radiological workers. 4. Describe the requirements in order for a female worker to be considered a declared pregnant worker. 5. Identify the dose limits established for a declared pregnant worker. 6. List the three main conditions an employee must meet in order to be issued respiratory protection equipment. 7. Identify the actions that should be taken if intakes of radioactive materials are indicated that could result in a committed effective dose equivalent to or greater than 100 mrem.

8. Describe the conditions that can induce heat stress and other adverse physical conditions for radiological workers. 9. Describe the actions that should be taken if a worker exhibits symptoms of heat stress or other adverse stress conditions while working in a radiological area. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 4.1 - OT 4.12 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Student Materials: Student’s Guide Student Handouts Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4–2 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Fitness for Duty References: U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection, 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control, DOE-STD-1098-99, July 1999. Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 1 I. Introduction II. Overview The workers participate in the organization radiation protection program and have some responsibility to protect themselves, however, they must rely upon the organization to provide a safe work environment, minimize exposure, and provide adequate training. The first line supervisor has the final responsibility that supervised workers are fit and prepared for their work in radiological areas. Supervisors should not assume that the organization has assured that the worker is adequately trained and physically and mentally ready for the work. This responsibility, in addition to seeing that the job or task is completed properly, is placed upon the supervisor. III. Work force To maintain a healthy work force, it is imperative that individual employees arrive at the workplace mentally and physically prepared to act in a safe and effective manner. Problems that raise doubt regarding an employee's ability to act in a safe manner must be dealt with in a straightforward process that encourages the employee to seek the help needed and ensure that the safety of all workers is maintained. Such problems may include alcoholism, drug abuse, mental health disorders, and personal crises. Introduce module. State objectives. Show OT 4.1, OT 4.2, OT 4.3, and OT 4.4. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 2 For the radiological workers, there are additional considerations that may also affect a worker's fitness for duty. These may include the ability to wear respiratory protection, pregnancies, exceeding exposure limits, and heat stress during work in protective clothing. Supervisors of radiological workers must be conscious of these considerations to ensure that their employees are able to perform radiological work in a safe and effective manner. IV. Training/qualification Radiological workers should be sufficiently qualified to recognize the symptoms of deteriorating radiological conditions and seek advice from Radiological Control Technicians and their supervisors. Training requirements have been established to ensure that personnel have the training to work safely in and around radiological areas and to maintain exposure as low as reasonably achievable. Examinations for Radiological Worker I and II training, and Radiological Control Technician Qualification shall be used to demonstrate satisfactory completion of theoretical and classroom material. Examinations should be written. However, alternatives may be used to accommodate special needs.

In addition, workers may need job-specific radiological training including specific procedure and hands-on tools/equipment training. Formal records of training and qualification shall be readily available to first line supervisors of involved personnel to aid in making work assignments. Show OT 4.5. Obj. 1 Identify ways to verify employee- and operation-specific training requirements for personnel. Review: “Relationship between Radiological Control Technicians and Workers” (RadCon Standard, article 144) Review: “General Requirements” (RadCon Standard, article 613) Instructor may want to insert site-specific alternatives, if any. (RadCon Standard, article 725) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 3 V. Dose limits and control levels A. General Dose limits provided in Subpart C of 10 CFR 835 shall not be exceeded. Administrative control levels are established to maintain personnel radiation exposure well below regulatory dose limits. These levels are multitiered. Increasing levels of authority are required to approve higher administrative control levels. Special consideration must be taken for radiological workers who are approaching administrative control levels. B. Lifetime control levels To administratively control a worker's lifetime occupational radiation exposure, a lifetime control level of N rem should be established where N is the age of the person in years. Special control levels (see Article 216 of RadCon Standard) should be established for personnel who have doses exceeding N rem. A special control level for annual occupational exposure shall be established for each person with a lifetime occupational dose exceeding N rem. The special control level should not exceed 1 rem in a year and should allow the person's lifetime occupational dose to approach N rem as additional occupational exposure is received. Review: “Administrative Control Level” (RadCon Standard, article 211) Obj. 2 Identify methods to determine an employee’s dose status. Insert site-specific administrative control levels here. Insert site-specific information as to how supervisors can ascertain the dose status of their employees. Review: “Lifetime Control Levels” (RadCon Standard, article 212) Show OT 4.6. Obj. 3 Describe how the Lifetime Control Level is calculated for radiological workers. Insert site-specific levels here. Review: “Special Control Levels” (RadCon Standard, article 216) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 4 C. Medical exposures An employer should be attentive to special circumstances of employees, such as those undergoing radiation therapy, and should establish an appropriate special control level. D. Off-site exposures Workers are responsible for notifying radiological control personnel of off-site occupational exposures so that individual dosimetry records can be updated. VI. Declared pregnant employee A. Notification of employer After a female radiological worker voluntarily notifies her employer in writing that she is pregnant, for the purposes of embryo/fetal dose protection, she shall be considered a declared pregnant worker. Declarations of pregnancy may be revoked, in writing, by the declared pregnant employee at any time. 1. The employer should provide the option of a mutually agreeable reassignment of work tasks, without loss of pay or promotional opportunity, so that further occupational radiation exposure is unlikely.

Site-specific policy for workers receiving medical exposures may be added. Review: “Occupational Dose Limits” (RadCon Standard, page 2-5). Show OT 4.7. DOE administrative levels apply to DOE activities (Art. 211 of the RadCon Standard), while the lifetime control level applies to all occupational exposures. Your site policy should be checked regarding doses incurred from non-DOE activities (e.g., Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or hospital work). Review: “Embryo/Fetus Dose Limits” (RadCon Standard, article 215) Show OT 4.8. Obj. 4 Describe the requirements in order for a female worker to be considered a declared pregnant worker. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 5 2. For a declared pregnant worker who chooses to continue working as a radiological worker the following apply: • The dose limit for the embryo/fetus for the entire gestation period shall be no greater than 500 mrem. • Substantial variation above a uniform exposure rate that would satisfy the limits shall be avoided (e.g. 50 mrem/month). 3. If the dose to the embryo/fetus is determined to have already exceeded 500 mrem when a worker notifies her employer of her pregnancy, the worker shall not be assigned to tasks where additional occupational radiation exposure is likely during the remainder of the gestation period. VII. Respirator protection There are three main requirements that must be met by personnel prior to being issued a respirator. Personnel must be trained, fitted, and medically qualified to wear that specific type of respirator. Training and qualification testing shall be performed annually. A. Respirator use While using respiratory protection, personnel are expected to: 1. Perform fit checks of their respirators to ensure a proper seal before entering areas requiring respirator use. Obj. 5 Identify the dose limits established for a declared pregnant worker. Review: “Respiratory Protection Program Requirements” (RadCon Standard, page 5-10) Show OT 4.9. Obj. 6 List the three main conditions an employee must meet in order to be issued respiratory protection equipment. Review: “Use of Respiratory Protection” (RadCon Standard, article 533) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 6 2. Be clean shaven in the area of the fit. 3. Use corrective lenses, if needed, that are approved for respirators. 4. Be instructed to leave the work area when experiencing respirator failure. 5. Be instructed to remove their respirators to avoid life-threatening situations when exiting an area after respirator failure. B. Exposure to airborne radioactive materials 10 CFR 835 establishes dose limits which includes internal dose from inhaling radioactive material. Use of engineering and administrative controls and proper use of personal protective equipment results in most planned internal doses being very low. In cases of unplanned internal doses, potential intakes of radioactive material are suspected when personnel without respiratory protection are exposed to airborne radioactive materials or when respiratory protection has been compromised. If unplanned intakes of radioactive material are indicated that could result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 100 mrem or more, the following actions should be taken: 1. Identify personnel potentially exposed. 2. Determine the duration of potential exposure

to airborne radioactivity. 3. Have dose evaluated prior to permitting the worker to return to radiological work. Review: “Handling Individuals Exposed to Airborne Radioactivity” (RadCon Standard, article 543) Obj. 7 Identify the actions that should be taken if intakes of radioactive materials are indicated that could result in a committed effective dose equivalent greater than 100 mrem. Show OT 4.10. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 7 VIII. Adverse work conditions A. Heat stress Heat stress may result from working in areas of high temperature, humidity, and radiant heat; working in protective clothing; and using respirators, particularly where other protective equipment is required. Heat stress has occurred at ambient temperatures less than 70oF when multiple sets of protective clothing or plastic suits were in use or strenuous work was involved. 1. Heat stress controls should be addressed in the planning stages for work. 2. Recommended work time limits and use of body cooling devices should be considered to reduce heat stress. 3. Job supervisors should inform their personnel of heat stress precautions prior to work on job assignments where heat stress may be a factor. 4. If a person begins to feel symptoms of heat stress, the person should immediately notify the nearest coworker, exit the area, remove personal protective equipment, notify the supervisor, and rest in a cool area. In such cases, medical assistance should be provided. Review: “Heat Stress” (RadCon Standard, article 534) Show OT 4.11. Obj. 8 Describe the conditions that can induce heat stress and other adverse physical conditions for radiological workers. Show OT 4.12. Obj. 9 Describe the actions that should be taken if a worker exhibits symptoms of heat stress or other adverse stress conditions while working in a radiological area. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 4 - 8 B. Other adverse physical conditions Medical treatment of injuries takes precedence over radiological considerations. A worker with a contaminated injury should receive treatment by medically qualified personnel. An assessment should be made on the need for bioassay monitoring or further medical treatment. Until this assessment is completed, work restrictions may be needed. The worker should be counseled promptly on the medical and radiological implications resulting from the contaminated wound. IX. Group activity Review: “Contaminated Wounds” (RadCon Standard, article 542) Instructor may want to insert any site-specific policies regarding adverse conditions such as cold weather, etc. Divide class into smaller groups (3- 5 people). Refer students to page 1 of handouts and allow them to determine the appropriate job assignments for their personnel based on an assessment of each individual's fitness to perform each task. Discuss answers. Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Interpersonal Communication

Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to: 1. Identify the components of a communication process model. 2. Describe filters/barriers that distort the communication process. 3. Identify active listening behaviors. 4. Describe the various portions of a conflict resolution model presented in class. 5. Describe some of the key elements in communicating radiation risks to workers. 6. Identify the skills required to conduct a pre-job briefing. 7. Identify the benefits of a successful critique/lessons learned program as described in the Radiological Control Standard. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 5.1 - OT 5.10 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Exercise (optional) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Flip chart Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide Student Handouts Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 2 References: Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. U.S. Department of Energy, 10 CFR Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection, 1998. U.S. Department of Energy, Radiological Control, DOE STD-1098-99, July 1999. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 3 I. Introduction II. Communication A. Communicating is one of the basic functions human beings must perform. Since it is basic, often it is assumed that everyone communicates proficiently. That is not always the case. Often, everyday problems can be traced back to communication as a primary or contributing cause. III. Interpersonal communication A. Communication styles Studies show that people tend to communicate in a style that best suits their given personality. There are many personality trait assessments available that give us a better understanding of who we are. Some examples are Myers-Briggs, Herman’s Brain Dominance, and Birkman Methods. B. The communication process 1. Sender’s filters • The sender has an idea that must be transmitted to a receiver. • Perceptions, assumptions, attitudes, and past experiences are filters through which the sender’s messages must travel. These can distort the idea. Introduce module. Show OT 5.1 and OT 5.2. State objectives. Ask students for their definition of communication. Write responses on flip chart. Communication is the process of transferring information from one person to another. Refer students to page 2 of handouts, “The Communication Process.” Obj. 1 Identify the components of a communication process model. Use an example to “walk” through the process from sender to receiver. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 4 • The sender’s message is the focus of the process. It must have an objective (i.e., deliver information, motivate, stimulate, get/provide feedback). It must be concise, logical, and clear. 2. Receiver’s filters • Similar to the sender, the receiver has his/her own filters that can also distort the message. 3. Understanding the message • It is not the logic of the sender’s message that is important, but the logic of the received message. The sender must consider how his message will sound to the receiver. • The accuracy of message interpretation depends upon how well the sender projects the intent, motivation, values, and emotions of the message. 4. Medium

• The medium used for communication can definitely distort the message. Site-specific communication models may be substituted. Types: Oral, written, symbols, gestures, etc. Introduce exercise. Exercise should be approximately 30 min., including the debriefing. Participant activity - The objective of the activity is to have each member realize barriers associated with the communication process. • Split the group into pairs. • Have each pair designate a sender and a receiver. Have the sender and receiver sit back-to-back. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 5 • General rules – The sender must provide instructions to the receiver in order to reproduce a predetermined geometric shape. – The sender must not show the receiver the shape. – The receiver or sender cannot provide any feedback (verbal or physical) to his/her partner. – Set a time limit of 3 to 5 minutes. – Be sure to point out that the drawings should match exactly. • After each pair is finished, have them compare drawings. • Debrief the exercise by asking the senders and receivers these questions: – How did you feel about your role during the exercise? – What barriers were imposed on you? – How could you have done better? Write responses on the flip chart. Encourage students to write answers in the Student’s Guide. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 6 C. Barriers/filters 1. Five types of communication barriers/filters • There are two categories of social barriers: – Verbal - The use of words with emotional content can interfere with the reception of the intended message (e.g., politics, religion, race). – Nonverbal - Nonverbal barriers are usually involuntary or symbolic (e.g., clothes, grooming, or office setup). • Physical barriers include elements such as noise, distance, data overload, time, media, handicaps, etc. • Psychological barriers include elements such as tendency to smother information, difference in opinion, lack of trust, assumptions, attitudes, stress, and attention level. • Individual barriers include elements such as needs, beliefs, education, religion, socioeconomics, culture, values, and self- concept. • Neurological barriers occur as a result of the way the nervous system filters, distorts, deletes, and interprets information. Show OT 5.3. Obj. 2 Describe filters/barriers that distort the communication process. Relate the barriers/filters to the activity above. Give examples. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 7 D. Listening skills 1. What is the role of the receiver in regard to listening? 2. Types of listening List roles on flip chart. Encourage students to write responses in the Student’s Guide. Responses should include the following: • By your actions, show interest in the individual to whom you are listening. Show your desire to listen. • Take time to listen, and be sure you are ready to listen. • Try to learn something. Be positive rather than negative. • Get the whole message. Ask the sender to repeat or clarify. Ask who, what, why, where, when, and how. • Do not interrupt the sender in mid-sentence. Wait for an appropriate pause. • Concentrate on listening. Ward off distractions. Ask students for the types of listening. List answers on flip chart. Answers should include the following: • Appreciative: Hearing what is

being said • Discriminating: Sorting stimuli • Critical: Judging • Comprehensive: Understanding • Empathetic: Putting yourself in the sender’s position Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 8 3. Deterrents to effective listening 4. Elements of active listening Ask students for their responses. List on flip chart. Answers should include the following: • Assuming the subject is unimportant • Mentally criticizing the speaker’s delivery • Getting over stimulated when opposing an idea • Overreacting to certain words or phrases • Listening only for facts, not overall meaning • Permitting the speaker to be inaudible or incomplete • Avoiding technical messages • Daydreaming • Dual focusing Ask participants for their responses. List on flip chart. Answers should include the following: • Pay close attention. • Label nonverbal “clues” (“You appear upset.”). • Put the speaker’s words into your own words. • Ask open-ended questions for clarification. • Use prompts for nonverbal reinforcement. • Try to empathize and really feel what the other is feeling. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 9 E. Dealing with confrontation Whenever people come together in any environment, there will be opportunities for confrontation. Confrontation can either stimulate or demoralize individuals. As a supervisor, it is essential that you learn how to deal with these situations appropriately. Following is a model that illustrates the various approaches to deal with conflict. Obj. 3 Identify active listening behaviors. Obj. 4 Describe the various portions of a conflict resolution model presented in class. Accommodation Collaboration Cooperation Compromise Assertion Competition Assertion Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 10 1. There are many styles of conflict management: • Avoidance - This style is considered the least cooperative and the least assertive. In this situation, conflict is not addressed. As a short-term strategy, it may work, but as a permanent strategy, problems may never get solved. • Accommodation - This style is characterized by cooperative, unassertive behavior. It means to place the needs and concerns of others above your own needs and concerns. • Competition - This style is considered the most assertive. It reflects one's desire to meet his or her needs at the expense of others. • Compromise - This style is between competition and collaboration and avoidance and accommodation. The objective is partial fulfillment of the needs, concerns, and goals of all parties concerned. The solution should be mutually acceptable and partially satisfying to everyone involved. Nobody wins and nobody loses. • Collaboration - This style uses both cooperation and assertiveness in an effort to satisfy the needs of all parties concerned. Collaboration includes the following: – Acknowledgment that conflict exists – Identification and acknowledgment of others’ needs, concerns, and goals – Identification of alternative resolutions and consequences for each party involved Show OT 5.4. Discuss the conflict management styles. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 11 – Selection of the alternative that meets the needs and concerns of all parties – Implementation of the alternative selected

2. Effective conflict resolution For effective conflict resolution, establish rules in advance. Rules might include the following: • When controversy arises, have one party who is not directly involved state the issues before further discussion is allowed. • All parties must agree on the problem and specifically identify the common goal or solution. • Each party must be able to restate the other's position to the satisfaction of the individual before any evaluation discussion is allowed. • All parties will identify and agree upon the criteria to be used in resolving the controversy. In conflict resolution, it is important to focus on issues--not people. When conflicts arise, keep the focus on the issues and not on the personalities involved. The key to reaching collaboration is effective communication. The key to communication is trust, and the key to trust is honesty. Show OT 5.5. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 12 IV. Risk communication A. Communicating risk Due to the continuing concerns related to low- level radiation exposure and health effects, managers should be trained to deal with the perceptions that personnel have concerning radiation risks. Managers and first line supervisors should ensure that workers understand the fundamentals of radiation, its risks, and their role in minimizing exposure. It is not sufficient to rely solely on regulatory limits for establishing or defining acceptable work practices and work environments. Some personnel, such as those who may have internal deposition of radionuclides from prior years, are concerned about future exposures. Such instances warrant special attention on the part of the manager. Counseling with such personnel should be the preferred way to consider relevant factors. In some cases, special control levels should be applied. B. Motivation to achieve excellence in radiological control 1. No one should be exposed to radiation unless an overall benefit from the associated activity is expected to be realized. As a corollary, the benefit should be maximized and the risk (exposure) minimized. 2. Some workers and members of the public perceive any radiation exposure as an unduly hazardous risk. Making an effort to reduce doses and documenting the actual doses received can reassure these people and reduce the prospects of litigation. Obj. 5 Describe some of the key elements in communicating radiation risks to workers. Show OT 5.6. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 13 3. A side effect of trying to reduce doses is often an increase in efficiency and a decrease in incidents in performing radiological jobs, since greater planning is required. Records of past similar jobs can assist in planning future jobs and reduce dose further. C. Fostering positive worker attitudes toward achieving excellence Worker attitudes are key to radiological performance. A positive attitude makes a person take that one extra step. When everyone’s attitude embraces radiological excellence, and the performance is excellent, the program will reduce exposure and environmental burdens. Show OT 5.7. Discuss students’ perception of workers’ responsibilities. List on flip chart. Encourage students to write answers in the Student’s Guide. Answers may include the following: • Workers understand that they are responsible for control of radiological work that they perform.

• Workers understand the risks of radiation. They convey confidence to family and others. • Improving attitude is part of training. • Radiological control is perceived as integral to the job. • Mechanisms exist to improve worker attitudes, such as a Radiological Awareness Committee and the use of performance indicators. • Constant improvement in radiological performance is occurring. • Cooperation between the work force and radiological control organization is stressed. Radiological control cannot be left solely to the Health Physicists. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 14 D. Reducing risk The following are elements of a radiological control program that help reduce risk: 1. Training must be aimed at what the worker should know in order to do his/her job rather than passing a quiz. The training needs to be documented and recorded accurately. 2. Records and reports are needed for every aspect of the program. Records must be accurate and understandable because they may be used to recreate events that are questioned in the future. Those who fill out, file, review, or otherwise handle records must understand their use and importance. 3. Radiological deficiencies and improvements must be used to develop plans that will further promote radiological excellence. Self- assessments, use of critiques, thorough investigations, and a willingness to be self- critical and accept responsibility are needed. When a radiological deficiency is identified, there should be an honest effort to understand, correct, document, and follow it to closure. Trending deficiencies aids in planning where resources are to be spent to make improvements. Show OT 5.8. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 15 V. Meetings/briefings/critiques A. Running an effective meeting In today’s business environment, meetings have become a way of life. Today’s work force spends a great deal of time “stuck” in meetings. It is essential for those people leading these meetings to become proficient in chairing a meeting. The following are considerations when conducting a meeting: 1. Objective(s) • Is a meeting the best way to handle this? If not, don’t have a meeting. • What do you want to achieve by the end of the meeting? Ensure that participants are aware of your expectations. 2. Persons attending? • Who needs the information? • Who can contribute? • Who would expect to be involved? 3. Amount of prior notice • How much preparation time is required? • Should any pre-work be sent? Pre-work (i.e., history, data, graphs, etc.) can cut down on the time spent in the meeting. Show OT 5.9. Ask students what types of meetings they conduct as supervisors. List responses on flip chart. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 16 4. Agenda • Establish a reasonable amount of work that you expect can be accomplished in the specified time. • Provide the agenda to participants prior to the meeting. • Have enough information in the agenda so that people understand what discussion topics are going to be covered. • Establish time limits for each item and attempt to meet them. 5. During the meeting • Determine who will be responsible for the meeting minutes. • Review the agenda and emphasize time limits. • Keep discussions focused on the topics associated with the meeting.

• If action items are established, ensure individuals understand what is to be accomplished and when it is required to be done. • Summarize upon completion of the meeting. • Prepare and distribute the meeting results Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 17 B. Pre-job briefings “Planning the work” is an essential part of an effective Integrated Safety Management program. During pre-job work planning meetings, all appropriate safety disciplines must be engaged to ensure that all work hazards are adequately addressed. The following addresses pre-job briefings for radiological controls. Other work hazards should be integrated using a similar approach. Article 324 of the RadCon Standard recommends pre-job briefings be held prior to the conduct of work anticipated to exceed the site ALARA trigger levels. (This practice further establishes excellence in regard to radiological operations.) 1. The pre-job briefing should be conducted by the cognizant work supervisor. Workers and supervisors directly participating in the job, cognizant radiological control personnel, and representatives from involved support organizations should attend the briefing. A summary of the topics discussed and attendance at the pre-job briefing should be documented. Obj. 6 Identify the skills required to conduct a pre-job briefing. Ask students when a pre-job briefing should be held. Review: “Pre-job Briefings” (RadCon Standard, article 324) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 18 2. As a minimum, the pre-job briefing should include the following: • Scope of the work to be performed • Radiological conditions of the work place • Procedural and Radiological Work Permit requirements • Special radiological control requirements • Radiologically limiting conditions, such as contamination or radiation levels that may void the RWP • Radiological control hold points • Communication and coordination activities with other groups • Provisions for housekeeping and final cleanup • Emergency response provisions Add site-specific information. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 19 C. Post-job evaluations During the conduct of radiological work and the handling of radioactive materials, abnormal events may occur that could indicate a weakness or area of programmatic breakdown of radiological controls. Prompt, consistent gathering of facts related to such events is required to satisfy reporting and investigation requirements and to formulate corrective actions to prevent recurrence. In addition, successful performance or completion of unique activities should be evaluated to identify and incorporate appropriate lessons learned. Analysis of the facts should reveal areas where improvements can be made or identify methods to prevent the recurrence of undesired results. 1. Critiques are meetings that document a chronological listing of the facts of an event. The purpose of the critique is not to assign blame. The following guidelines should be followed regarding critiques/occurrence investigations: • Critique meetings should be conducted for successes and abnormal events. • Properly trained critique leaders should facilitate the critique process. • Critique meetings should be conducted as soon as practical after the event or situation is stabilized or completed.

• Minutes of the meeting must be kept. • All who can contribute should attend. • Supporting materials should be brought to the critique. Refer to RadCon Standard Article 351 for a complete list. Obj. 7 Identify the benefits of a successful critique/lessons learned program as described in the Radiological Control Standard. Critiques are described in the RadCon Standard, article 351. Show OT 5.10. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 5 - 20 2. Post-job ALARA reviews may take the form of a debriefing or may be a review by one or more designated individuals and should be performed in the following cases: • After completion of a nonroutine radiological job or operation • After completion of a nonroutine or complex radiological job or operation if a pre-job formal radiological review was required or if an ALARA trigger level was exceeded in the course of the work 3. Lessons learned are available from post-job reviews, critique minutes, and occurrence reports (using the Occurrence Reporting and Processing System [ORPS]). Organizations responsible for radiological work and line management should evaluate lessons learned, provide prompt distribution, and incorporate the lessons into the Radiological Control Program. Ask when this is required and what these levels are at their sites (e.g., as given in the RadCon Standard). Sites may add site-specific information depending on the involvement of supervisors in the post-job ALARA review. Ask what is done at students’ sites. For example, is the post-job evaluation performed by the site ALARA group? Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Problem Analysis and Decision Making Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to do the following: 1. Identify problems or decisions faced by supervisors of radiological workers. 2. Identify the components of decision making. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 6.1 - OT 6.4 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Flip chart Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide Student Handouts References: Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-2 I. Introduction II. Problem analysis Supervisors of radiological workers are often faced with critical decisions. Providing a model for strategic decision making will ensure that these critical decisions are made in an efficient, rational manner. Introduce module. State objectives. Show OT 61. Obj. 1 Identify problems or decisions faced by supervisors of radiological workers. Ask students about typical problems faced or decisions made each day as Rad Worker Supervisors. Take 15-20 minutes and brainstorm inputs. Encourage students to write responses in the Student’s Guide. List these on flip chart and post for reference through the rest of the module. Divide the inputs into categories that are specific to Rad Worker Supervisor and General Supervisor issues. Typical inputs: • Contamination • Exposure limits exceeded • Training • Scheduling • Union relations • Promotions • Performance evaluations • Pregnant workers • Rad work permits • Operating procedure

interpretation • Budget As the rest of the module progresses, refer back to problems identified by students for examples. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-3 A. Stating the mission In making decisions, the organization’s mission and resultant goals should always be considered. Decisions should be consistent with the stated mission of the organization. Prior to decision making, the organization’s mission must be defined. This may be difficult if the organization’s mission has not been defined or if there are conflicting goals within the organization. B. Assessing internal and external environments Prior to making a decision or solving a problem, the problem must be identified and evaluated to ensure that all factors have been included in the problem statement. 1. Problem diagnosis - Identify the problem. 2. Problem specification - Clarify the specific nature of the problem. 3. Problem framing - Frame the problem in a nonjudgmental way. 4. Problem formulation and reformulation - Restructure the problem in a way that will make it easier to solve. This can be done by introducing accurate assumptions. Obj. 2 Identify the components of decision making. Show OT 6.2. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-4 III. Decision making A. Developing strategy Once the problem has been identified, alternative solutions must be generated. A general rule for decision making is as follows: if an acceptable standard solution is available to a problem, then it should be used instead of spending time and resources reinventing a solution. If a standard solution is not available, alternatives must be developed. 1. Standard solutions involve using standard operating procedures as well as available alternatives. Optimization techniques, which include cost-benefit analysis, are a fundamental part of work reviews and of radiological analyses for new designs and modifications. For review of minor or routine activities with low associated doses, a cost- benefit evaluation may be an intrinsic part of the engineering or operations review process, so a detailed evaluation is usually not necessary. For review and planning of major tasks involving higher collective dose expenditures, a detailed and documented evaluation should be performed. 2. A simple optimization decision may be made by choosing a low-current-dose worker instead of a high-dose worker or by declining to spend a large sum to save only a few mrem. Note that the writing of work planning documents (e..g., Radiological Work Permits, work packages, procedures, etc.) is also an optimization evaluation, in which the line supervisor must usually concur. Show OT 6.3. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-5 Although the supervisor may not have to perform detailed optimization Evaluation, that information may need to be provided to the person(s) who will do the evaluation. Such information will often be based on past operating experience and may include costs of equipment, person-hours, number of people, amount of time spent in radiological areas, and even subjective judgments regarding the feasibility of alternatives. B. Limits on decision making 1. When supervisors make decisions, they need to determine how much power they have in reaching a final decision and how much influence they have over the process. This is important information when considering the most appropriate alternatives.

2. The decision maker must also determine what the political impact of various decisions will be. There may be political reasons why the most rational solution is not feasible. 3. When selecting an alternative, it is important to consider the repercussions of not selecting various alternatives. If there is strong opposition to a selected alternative, the decision maker needs to be able to support the current decision and explain why the competing solution is less feasible or less desirable. Emphasize that if supervisors are involved in cost-benefit analysis, they should seek additional training in this area. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-6 C. Making the decision The formal decision analysis will be as follows: • Define alternative courses of action, determine the criteria to use in evaluating the alternatives, and identify key uncertainties in the decision. • Assess the consequences of selecting each alternative. • Assess the probabilities and preferences by looking at the uncertainties and utilities of each outcome. • Evaluate alternatives in terms of the stated criteria. • Analyze the optimal solutions for any adverse consequences. • Select the most effective solution based on problem analysis. D. Implementation and controlling execution of strategy Once a decision is made, the decision will be implemented and evaluated. It is important to monitor events after implementation to ensure that the outcomes are as expected. If not, it may be necessary to revise the original decision. Monitoring outcomes of decisions will also provide lessons learned for future decision making. E. Case studies Show OT 6.4. Refer students to “Internal Exposure and Contamination During Pump Removal,” page 3 of handouts. Allow approximately 30 minutes. Read the case and allow a few minutes for students to review the facts. Facilitate discussion and application by working through the steps on the flip chart. Allow 15-20 minutes for discussion of this case. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 6-7 Using the decision-making model, solicit inputs from the class for each step: 1. Alternative courses of action might include cutting the pump mount bolts, repairing the pump in place, or removing the mounting plate. 2. Assess the consequences of each alternative (e.g., possible damage to the pump, etc.). 3. Examine the uncertainties and utilities of each outcome. Can the bolts be cut without damage? Has the pump ever been repaired in place? 4. Evaluate alternatives. 5. Analyze optimal solutions for any adverse consequences. Should possible hidden contamination have been considered? What about records? 6. Select the most effective solution. Refer students to “Fire in a Contaminated Cutting Facility,” page 4 of handouts. Suggest they take 5-10 minutes to review the case and 15-20 minutes to discuss the alternatives. The class will then divide into small groups and discuss the second case. Each group will select a spokesperson to present the group’s decision and explain the process to the class. Each spokesperson will then briefly outline his/her group’s decision. The instructor should act as a facilitator at this point, keeping discussion going and on the subject. Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide

Module 6-8 This page intentionally left blank. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Motivation Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to do the following: 1. Identify motivation issues faced by radiological worker supervisors. 2. Identify several ways to motivate personnel. 3. Identify several tools of motivation. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 7.1 - OT 7.9 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Flip chart Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide References: Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–2 I. Introduction II. Motivation The roles and responsibilities of a supervisor include motivating personnel to perform quality work. There are many theories of motivation. Some have been found to be effective and some have not. It is important for supervisors to understand which theories of motivation are valid and which techniques will be most effective. III. Why are people motivated? A. Needs fulfillment theories Need fulfillment theories of motivation state that people are motivated by inherent needs and specifically by unmet needs. Behavior is based on inherent needs. 1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs 1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Belongingness 4. Love 5. Self-actualization Introduce module. State objectives. Show OT 7.1. Obj. 1 Identify motivation issues faced by radiological worker supervisors. How do you motivate your employees? Students will brainstorm a list. Write responses on flip chart. Typical responses: • Rewards (pay, bonus) • Recognition • Interesting jobs • Work ethic List various theories. Show OT 7.2. Define “self-actualization” and give examples. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–3 In an organization, one typically assumes that an individual's basic needs have been met (food, shelter, clothing). However, other needs may not have been met. Supervisors should be aware of employees' need for a safe and secure working environment. This is a critical issue for supervisors of radiological workers. It is not the organization's responsibility to fulfill higher level needs (belongingness, love, self-actualization). However, supervisors should understand how these needs translate into motivation. If employees feel like they are part of a work team, they will be more loyal, and perhaps be motivated to work harder. The need for self-actualization can often be encouraged by providing employees with the authority to make decisions that are critical to their working environment. 2. Job enrichment theory The job enrichment theory of motivation states that certain job dimensions will motivate employees to work more effectively. Job dimensions include the following: • Skill variety • Task identity • Task significance • Autonomy • Feedback These job dimensions will provide meaning to the job, make an employee responsible for the job, and provide feedback concerning how the job is progressing. Show OT 7.3. Obj. 2 Identify several ways to motivate personnel. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide

Module 7–4 Supervisors should evaluate the jobs of their workers to determine if these dimensions are part of the job. If not, the need for job redesign may be indicated. 3. Need for achievement theory In this theory, it is believed that some employees have a need for achievement, while others do not. If a person has a high need for achievement, he/she will do better in "achieving situations." These situations may be characterized as follows: • Personal responsibility is evident. The individual will receive credit for a job well done. • The task should be at an intermediate to average level of difficulty. There should be a good chance of success. • The individual needs to receive feedback. • The individual needs to feel challenged. • The situation should be ongoing, with consequences in the future. Although a supervisor cannot change an individual's need for achievement, understanding this theory may explain what motivates some employees. B. Cognitive theories Cognitive theories of motivation state that a person's behavior is based on a cognitive process. People think before they act. Show OT 7.4. Show OT 7.5. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–5 1. Equity (justice) theory This theory is based on the equity of input (work) and output (rewards). Employees' output is based on their perceived level of their own input, as well as their perception of the input and output of others. If employees believe that their input is greater than that of others (or their output is less), they will try to balance the situation by doing the following: • Reducing their input (decreased productivity, absenteeism, tardiness) • Increasing their rewards (employee theft, i.e., supplies, phone calls, inflated expense statements) • Leaving the job in search of a more equitable situation Supervisors should be aware of this theory and assess whether there is equity in the workplace for each worker as well as across the team. By understanding the equity theory, supervisors can understand behaviors stemming from real or perceived inequities. 2. Expectancy (choice) theory For the expectancy theory, the primary motivation is the attainment of goals. Behavior is based on a person's expectation that his or her effort will lead to a certain type of performance. This in turn will lead to a certain level of reward (e.g., If I work hard, I will do a good job and get a good reward). Employees make clear choices about the level of effort they will exert based on these expectations. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–6 For employees to be motivated, there must be a clearly defined relationship between performance and rewards (compensation system). There also has to be a link between effort and performance. The supervisor must be aware of an individual's effort and consequent performance. The supervisor must provide feedback to the employee that will enable the link between effort and performance to be more direct. C. Reinforcement theories The basic tenet underlying reinforcement theories is that people are motivated by rewards for their behavior. People work because they are rewarded. A reward is considered something of value to the employee. The most basic is compensation (pay, benefits, leave time). Other rewards include recognition and job prerequisites. Following this theory, supervisors should assess the rewards and recognition given to their employees.

IV. Tools of motivation A. Goal setting Goal setting is one of the most researched areas of motivation, the basic conclusion is that goals motivate people. A goal is something that a person tries to attain, achieve, or accomplish. Once a goal is set, behavior is based on the attainment of that goal. Specific goal-setting techniques will be presented later. Obj. 3 Identify several tools of motivation. Ask students for types of motivational tools. List on flip chart. Encourage students to write responses in the Student’s Guide. Allow 30 min. for this activity. Responses may include the following: • Goal setting • Empowerment • Recognition • Rewards • Coaching and mentoring (covered in leadership module) Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–7 Why do goals work? • Goals give an employee direction. • Goals influence the intensity with which an individual works toward attainment of a goal. • Goals influence the persistence with which an individual works toward attainment of a goal. • Goals typically require individuals to develop a strategy for goal attainment. For goals to be effective motivators, they must have the following characteristics: 1. Goal difficulty Employees become more committed to difficult goals. If a goal is too easy, employees will not seriously commit to goal attainment because there is no challenge. However, if the goal is too difficult, employees will not make a commitment because they don't believe they can accomplish the goal. 2. Goal specificity The more specific a goal, the easier it is to achieve. Specific goals provide more detailed direction toward attaining that goal. 3. Employee participation in goal setting An individual must internalize a given goal before it becomes a motivation. The best way to do this is for the individual to participate in setting the goal. When employees are involved in goal setting, they have a much better understanding of the goal, as well as how to achieve it. Show OT 7.6. Show OT 7.7. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–8 4. Feedback An individual must know when he or she has achieved a set goal. It is important to have progressive feedback on goal attainment. B. Empowerment Employee empowerment is a philosophy of transferring power from management to employees. By doing this, employees become more involved in their work and accept responsibility for their actions. Employees will be more motivated to do quality work if they have been involved in critical decisions and have a sense of ownership in the job. Even though empowerment is a strategy that affects the entire organization, the basic empowering relationship is between a supervisor and subordinate. It is the immediate supervisor who transfers power to an employee. The steps toward empowerment are listed below: 1. Develop an operational definition of empowerment. The definition should be very clear as to what empowerment means from both the manager's perspective and the employee's perspective. The goals and objectives of empowerment should be stated clearly and be behaviorally based in order to evaluate the success of any intervention. Show OT 7.8. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–9

2. Assess strategies used to empower employees. Identify techniques that would be appropriate for your group. This list will be tentative and will be refined as more information is gathered. Techniques include participative decision making, job enrichment, redesign of internal processes, etc. 3. Clarify and communicate organization/ division mission. An underlying assumption in empowering employees is that their actions will support the company's goals and objectives. To ensure that this happens, employees need to be very clear on the company's goals and objectives. All employees should know what their mission is and how it fits into the overall mission of the organization. The goals and objectives of the division should be concrete and expressed as specific outcomes to be achieved. Employees will need some guidelines for the decisions they will be asked to make. The division goals and objectives provide global guidance. 4. Determine the boundaries and limitations of each strategy used. Decisions can be classified into executive decisions and operational decisions. Executive decisions involve the overall mission of the organization, the political climate, and the global strategy. Operational decisions are day-to-day decisions made in developing the "product." It is important to know which decisions employees will be able to make on their own. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–10 There are also organizational and regulatory restrictions in decision making that must be clarified. These decisions include fiscal decisions, standard operating procedures within the organization, restrictions imposed by DOE, etc. Identifying decisions that are not appropriate for participative decision making will narrow down those decisions that are appropriate. 5. Assuming participative decision making is to be used, determine what decisions are appropriate to delegate. Once boundaries and limitations are defined, come up with a tentative outline for the types of decisions that are appropriate for sharing with employees and those that are not appropriate. This outline is tentative and requires input from other managers, employees, and the administration prior to being implemented. 6. Decide whether empowerment strategies will be required or voluntary. Will a manager or employee have a choice of whether he/she will participate? What degree of delegation/empowerment will be required? 7. Communicate the tentative plan to managers, supervisors, and the administration. Prior to getting input from employees, get initial input from managers, supervisors, and the administration. This information will help determine the feasibility of employee empowerment. Show OT 7.9. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–11 8. Get input from employees. Find out their concept of empowerment. Determine to what degree employees already feel empowered. This can be done through a survey (preferably anonymously). This step is risky because it can raise expectations. This should only be done if you have definite plans to proceed. However, it should be done prior to developing an elaborate strategy for empowering employees. If the goal of empowerment is motivational, you have to find out what the employees want. On the other hand, if the goal of empowerment is to reduce the work load of middle management, you have to get employee buy-in; otherwise, it will flop.

9. Determine skills necessary for empowerment. It cannot be assumed that managers and employees have the skills necessary to transfer power. The first step is to determine what skills are necessary for shifting power. Managers will need the skills necessary to determine what decisions are appropriate for staff to make. Employees must know how to make decisions, how to prioritize, when not to make decisions, what the boundaries are, etc. Once the skills have been identified, it is important to know who has the requisite skills and who doesn't. Some type of assessment is necessary. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 7–12 10. Communicate plan to employees and provide a mechanism for feedback. Introduction to the plan should be low-key and not raise expectations. Consider having each program, or supervisor, communicate the plan as opposed to an announcement from the division office. This will help keep the focus on the program. 11. Provide training if needed. Based on the assessment of skills, training may be necessary for those managers and employees lacking requisite skills. C. What other tools could be used to motivate employees? Students will brainstorm a list. List on flip chart. Encourage students to write the list in the Student’s Guide. Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN Course Material Topic: Leadership Objectives: Upon completion of this training, the student will be able to do the following: 1. Identify leadership issues faced by radiological worker supervisors. 2. Identify characteristics of a good leader. 3. Describe the various types of power and influence in organizations. 4. Identify several tools of leadership. Training Aids: Overhead Transparencies (OTs): OT 8.1 - OT 8.10 (May be supplemented or substituted with updated or site-specific information) Equipment Needs: Overhead projector Screen Flip chart Markers Masking tape Student Materials: Student’s Guide Student Handouts References: Lau & Shani, Behavior in Organization, 1992. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–2 I. Introduction II. Leadership A supervisor is more than just a person who sees that a job is conducted and a task completed in accord with directions; he/she is also a leader. The more an organization rewards it’s effective leaders, the fewer employee problems they will have. A. Definition of leadership Leadership is a process that includes influencing: • The objectives and strategies of a group or organization • People in the organization to implement the strategies and achieve the objectives • Group maintenance and identification • The culture of the organization. B. Characteristics of good leadership The characteristics of good leadership can be placed in the following categories: • Leadership traits • Motives of leaders • Leadership skills Introduce module. Show OT 8.1. State objectives. Ask students to state what their definition of leadership is. Write definitions on flip chart. Comment on the diverse responses. Obj. 1 Identify leadership issues faced by radiological worker supervisors. Refer to the definition of leadership, and ask for examples under each bullet. Ask students what issues their employees bring to them. List on flip chart.

Show OT 8.2. Obj. 2 Identify characteristics of a good leader. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–3 1. Leadership traits • High energy level • Stress tolerance • Integrity • Emotional maturity • Self-confidence 2. Motives of leaders • Need for power • Need for achievement • Need for affiliation 3. Effective leadership skills • Planning and organizing • Problem solving • Clarifying and monitoring • Informing • Motivating and consulting • Recognizing and supporting • Team building, networking, and delegating • Developing and mentoring • Rewarding Show OT 8.3. Show OT 8.4. Show OT 8.5. Show OT 8.6. This section should be followed by a discussion of what the students believe the characteristics of a good leader to be. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–4 C. Power/influence 1. Types of power • Legitimate power - Supervisors have legitimate power based on their position in the organization. • Coercive power - Supervisors have coercive power based on their control (real or perceived) over punishment. • Reward power - Supervisors have reward power based on their control (real or perceived) over rewards. • Expert power - Supervisors have expert power based on their level of technical expertise. 2. Influence tactics include the following: • Rational persuasion • Inspirational appeals • Consultation • Ingratiating • Personal appeals • Upward appeals Show OT 8.7. Obj. 3 List the various types of power and influence in organizations. This section should be followed by a discussion on how students believe power influences leadership. Show OT 8.8. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–5 III. Tools of leadership A. Providing vision A good leader provides vision for the work unit. The vision is a clear, concise view of what the work unit is striving to accomplish. The vision for the work unit should be consistent with the vision of the organization. Ideally, the vision for the work unit will be developed with input by the work unit. If a vision is clearly stated and accepted by the work unit, it becomes a goal of each member of the unit. B. Coaching/mentoring One of the roles of a leader is to develop his or her workers. Leaders are in the best position to see individual efforts and how they help to achieve or hinder goals. By coaching or mentoring, a leader can guide a worker toward goal attainment. Coaching and mentoring include the following: • Help each worker set goals and identify barriers to overcome. • Solicit ideas and assistance from workers in solving problems that arise in the organization. • Know the deficiencies of employees and develop a plan for them to acquire the knowledge and skill needed. Feedback and training will facilitate development of employee knowledge and skills. Show OT 8.9. Obj. 4 Identify several tools of leadership. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–6 • Reinforce positive behavior changes that increase productivity. C. Delegating Part of a leader's role is to delegate tasks and decisions to employees. The level of delegation typically depends on one's style of leadership. Some leaders feel comfortable in delegating responsibility along with the delegated tasks, while others feel more comfortable delegating only the task.

Prior to delegating, a leader must consider the following: • Is the employee capable of completing the assigned task? • Does the employee have the necessary resources to complete the task (human resources, financial resources, training)? • What are the consequences of failure? The supervisor will have to assess the level of risk in the task and determine whether the organization can assume the risk of error. • What type of supervision is necessary? The supervisor should decide how closely he or she should be involved. This will be contingent on the competency of the employee, the level of risk associated with the task, and the leadership style of the supervisor. Ask students for other items that might need to be considered prior to delegating. List on flip chart. Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–7 D. Team building An effective way of leading a group of individuals is to allow them to lead themselves. The use of self-managed work teams can be an effective way to motivate employees to work more efficiently and to work together. The concept of self-managed work teams focuses on the team member as the expert. By allowing the team to make and implement decisions, decisions are being made by those individuals with the most knowledge and experience. The following organizational context factors will increase the likelihood of success for teams: • Management support • Mission clarity • Autonomy • Rewards for the team • Team training • Feedback on performance • Organization culture conducive to teamwork • Appropriate physical facility Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Instructor’s Guide Module 8–8 The following team development factors will increase the likelihood of success: • Communication • Cohesion • Developed norms • Role clarity • Cooperation • Participation • Conflict resolution Show OT 8.10. Review and discuss page 6 of Student Handout "Supervisor's Responsibilities". Summarize lesson. Ask for questions. Review objectives. Part 3 of 5 Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overheads Office of Health, Safety and Security U.S. Department of Energy Radiological Control Training for Supervisors DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overheads ii This page intentionally left blank. O T 1. 1 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.1 R eg ul at or y D oc um en ts O bj ec tiv es : • Id en tif y th e hi er ar ch y of re gu la to ry do cu m en ts . • D ef in e th e pu rp os es o f 1 0 C FR P ar ts 8 20 , 83 0 an d 83 5. • D ef in e th e pu rp os e of th e D O E R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol S ta nd ar d. O T 1. 2 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.2 R eg ul at or y D oc um en ts (c on t.) O bj ec tiv es : • D ef in e th e te rm s "s ha ll" a nd " sh ou ld " as us ed in th e ab ov e do cu m en ts . • D es cr ib e th e ro le o f t he D ef en se N uc le ar Fa ci lit ie s Sa fe ty B oa rd (D N FS B ) a t D O E si te s an d fa ci lit ie s. O T 1. 3 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.3 D O E R ad io lo gi ca l H ea lth an d Sa fe ty P ol ic y • C on du ct o ve rs ig ht to e ns ur e co m pl ia nc e an d th at a pp ro pr ia te ra di ol og ic al w or k pr ac tic es a re im pl em en te d. • En su re a cc ur at e an d ap pr op ria te

ly m ad e m ea su re m en ts . • In co rp or at e m ea su re s to m in im iz e co nt am in at io n th at a re A LA R A . • Es ta bl is h an d m ai nt ai n lin e m an ag em en t in vo lv em en t a nd a cc ou nt ab ili ty . O T 1. 4 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.4 D O E R ad io lo gi ca l H ea lth an d Sa fe ty P ol ic y (c on t.) • Es ta bl is h an d m ai nt ai n a sy st em o f re gu la to ry p ol ic y an d gu id an ce . • En su re a pp ro pr ia te tr ai ni ng a nd th e te ch ni ca l c om pe te nc e of th e D O E w or kf or ce . • C on du ct ra di ol og ic al o pe ra tio ns th at co nt ro l t he s pr ea d of ra di oa ct iv e m at er ia ls an d ar e A LA R A . O T 1. 5 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.5 W rit te n St an da rd s • 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 • D O E R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol St an da rd O T 1. 6 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.6 H ie ra rc hy o f R eq ui re m en ts Tw o pa ra lle l h ie ra rc hi es : • R ul es a nd /o r re gu la tio ns • D O E O rd er s O T 1. 7 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.7 R ul es a nd R eg ul at io ns • Pr ic e- A nd er so n A m en dm en ts A ct (P A A A ) of 1 98 8 • 10 C FR P ar t 8 20 o f 1 99 3: – C iv il pe na lti es – C rim in al p en al tie s • 10 C FR P ar t 8 30 (a m en de d 20 01 ) – N uc le ar S af et y M an ag em en t • D O E N uc le ar S af et y R eq ui re m en ts O T 1. 8 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.8 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 • Pu rp os e: C od ifi ca tio n of ra di at io n pr ot ec tio n re qu ire m en ts • Pr es cr ip tiv e la ng ua ge • Em ph as is o n A LA R A • R ad ia tio n Pr ot ec tio n Pr og ra m re qu ire m en ts • Fe de ra l l aw • C rim in al a nd c iv il pe na lti es fo r v io la tio ns O T 1. 9 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.9 R ad ia tio n Pr ot ec tio n Pr og ra m • R eq ui re d by 1 0 C FR P ar t 8 35 • N on co m pl ia nc e m ay le ad to P A A A en fo rc em en t O T 1. 10 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.10 G ui da nc e D oc um en ts (1 0 C FR P ar t 8 35 ) Tw o ty pe s: • Im pl em en ta tio n gu id es • Te ch ni ca l p os iti on s O T 1. 11 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.11 10 C FR 8 35 v s. 1 0 C FR 2 0 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 : • D O E si te s an d fa ci lit ie s • U ni qu e ac tiv iti es 10 C FR P ar t 2 0: • N R C O T 1. 12 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.12 D O E R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol St an da rd • O rig in al ly p ro m ul ga te d as th e R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol M an ua l w ith D O E N ot ic e 54 80 .6 (J ul y 19 92 ) • Pu rp os e: pr ov id es g ui da nc e fo r c om pr eh en si ve ra di ol og ic al c on tr ol p ro gr am - no t a re gu la tio n • N ot ic e w hi ch m ad e th e R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol M an ua l a re qu ire m en t w as c an ce lle d by N 44 1. 1 (S ep t 1 99 5) : – M ay s til l b e be c on tr ac tu al re qu ire m en t – U pd at ed o n Ju ly 1 99 9 by D O E ST D -1 09 8- 99 R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol O T 1. 13 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.13 10 C FR 8 35 v s. D O E R ad io lo

gi ca l C on tr ol S ta nd ar d 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 : • EH -1 0 en fo rc es • “S ha ll” st at em en ts (m an da to ry re qu ire m en ts ) • Pr og ra m O ffi ce s au di t D O E R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol S ta nd ar d: • Pr og ra m O ffi ce s au di t c on tr ac tu al ag re em en ts • M os tly “ sh ou ld ” st at em en ts (r ec og ni ze s si te - or fa ci lit y- sp ec ifi c at tr ib ut es ) O T 1. 14 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.14 C on fli ct s 10 C FR 8 35 re qu ire m en ts ta ke p re ce de nc e ov er D O E R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol S ta nd ar d U nl ik el y th e tw o w ill c on fli ct , o ne m ay h av e pr ov is io ns th at a re n ot in o th er O T 1. 15 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.15 D O E St an da rd s • So m e D O E St an da rd s ar e re qu ire m en ts fo r c er ta in s ite s: fo r e xa m pl e, D O EL A P • O th er s pr ov id e gu id an ce • A s pa rt o f a ss es sm en t, ne ed to re vi ew s ite re qu ire m en ts do cu m en ts O T 1. 16 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.16 D ef en se N uc le ar F ac ili tie s Sa fe ty B oa rd • Fi ve -m em be r b oa rd : – R ev ie w s an d ev al ua te s st an da rd s – In ve st ig at es a ny e ve nt o r p ra ct ic e at D O E nu cl ea r f ac ili tie s th at th e B oa rd de te rm in es h as (o r m ay ) a dv er se ly af fe ct p ub lic h ea lth a nd s af et y – M ay e st ab lis h re po rt in g re qu ire m en ts fo r t he S ec re ta ry o f E ne rg y O T 1. 17 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.17 D N FS B R ec om m en da tio ns 91 -6 : • R ad io lo gi ca l p ro te ct io n pe rf or m an ce 92 -7 : • En ha nc e ra di ol og ic al q ua lif ic at io n 98 -1 : • R es ol ut io n of a ud it fin di ng s 99 -1 : • Sa fe s to ra ge o f f is si on ab le m at er ia l O T 1. 18 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 1.18 This page intentionally left blank. O T 2. 1 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.1 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 , B ac kg ro un d an d Fo cu s O bj ec tiv es : • D es cr ib e th e co nt en ts o f 1 0 C FR P ar t 8 35 . • Id en tif y th e si te re qu ire m en ts o f 1 0 C FR Pa rt 8 35 . O T 2. 2 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.2 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 A — G en er al P ro vi si on s B — M an ag em en t a nd A dm in is tr at iv e R eq ui re m en ts C — St an da rd s fo r I nt er na l a nd E xt er na l Ex po su re D — R es er ve d E — M on ito rin g of In di vi du al s an d A re as F — En tr y C on tr ol P ro gr am G — Po st in g an d La be lin g O T 2. 3 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.3 10 C FR P ar t 8 35 (c on t.) H — R ec or ds I — R ep or ts to In di vi du al s J — R ad ia tio n Sa fe ty T ra in in g K — D es ig n an d C on tr ol L — R ad io ac tiv e C on ta m in at io n C on tr ol M — Se al ed R ad io ac tiv e So ur ce C on tr ol N — Em er ge nc y Ex po su re S itu at io ns O T 2. 4 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.4 Ex cl us io ns fr om 1 0 C FR Pa rt 8 35 • A ct iv iti es re gu la te d by th e N R C • A ct iv iti es u nd er a ut ho rit y of th e D ire ct or , N

av al N uc le ar P ro pu ls io n Pr og ra m • Sp ec ifi ed a ct iv iti es c on du ct ed u nd er th e N uc le ar E xp lo si ve s an d W ea po ns S ur et y Pr og ra m • R ad io ac tiv e m at er ia l t ra ns po rt at io n • D O E ac tiv iti es in c er ta in fo re ig n co un tr ie s • B ac kg ro un d ra di at io n O T 2. 5 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.5 Ex cl us io ns fr om 1 0 C FR Pa rt 8 35 (C on t.) O cc up at io na l d os es re ce iv ed a s a re su lt of ex cl ud ed a ct iv iti es a nd ra di oa ct iv e m at er ia l tra ns po rta tio n, a s lis te d ab ov e, s ha ll be co ns id er ed w he n de te rm in in g co m pl ia nc e w ith th e oc cu pa tio na l d os e lim its (8 35 .2 02 an d 83 5. 20 7) , a nd w ith th e lim its fo r t he em br yo /fe tu s (8 35 .2 06 ). O T 2. 6 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.6 In cl ud ed in th e R PP • Fo rm al p la ns a nd m ea su re s fo r a pp ly in g A LA R A to o cc up at io na l e xp os ur es • Ex is tin g an d an tic ip at ed o pe ra tio na l t as ks • Ea ch re qu ire m en t i n Pa rt 8 35 • Pl an s, s ch ed ul es , a nd o th er c om pl ia nc e m ea su re s O T 2. 7 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.7 St an da rd s fo r I nt er na l a nd Ex te rn al E xp os ur e A dd re ss es li m its fo r: • G en er al e m pl oy ee s (o cc up at io na l) • Em br yo s/ fe tu s • O cc up at io na lly e xp os ed m in or s • M em be rs o f p ub lic in c on tr ol le d ar ea • Pl an ne d sp ec ia l e xp os ur es • N on un ifo rm e xp os ur es o f t he s ki n • C on ce nt ra tio ns o f r ad io ac tiv e m at er ia l i n ai r O T 2. 8 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.8 Su m m ar y of D os e Li m its Ex po se d In di vi du al G en er al W ho le B od y (in te rn al a nd Em pl oy ee : ex te rn al ) “ “ Le ns o f E ye “ “ Ex tr em ity (b el ow e lb ow a nd kn ee s) a nd s ki n A nn ua l L im it 5. 0 re m 15 .0 re m 50 .0 re m O T 2. 9 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.9 Su m m ar y of D os e Li m its (c on t.) Ex po se d In di vi du al G en er al E m pl oy ee : A ny O rg an o r T is su e (o th er th an le ns o f e ye ) D ec la re d Pr eg na nt W or ke r: Em br yo /F et us (g es ta tio n pe rio d) O cc up at io na lly e xp os ed m in or s: (a ls o ha ve li m it of 1 0% o f ot he r G en er al E m pl oy ee li m its ) M em be rs o f t he P ub lic in C on tr ol le d A re as : A nn ua l L im it 50 .0 re m 0. 5 re m 0. 1 re m 0. 1 re m O T 2. 10 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.10 Pl an ne d Sp ec ia l E xp os ur es • A dv an ce a pp ro va l o f D O E • In fo rm ed e m pl oy ee c on se nt O T 2. 11 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.11 D A C s D AC s ar e lis te d in a pp en di ce s A an d C o f 10 C FR 8 35 . Fo r i nt ak es , t he y ar e th e ai rb or ne co nc en tra tio n th at e qu al s th e an nu al li m it on in ta ke (A LI ) d iv id ed b y th e vo lu m e of a ir br ea th ed b y an a ve ra ge w or ke r f or a w or ki ng y ea r o f 2 00 0 ho ur s (a ss

um in g a br ea th in g vo lu m e of 2 40 0 m 3 ) . O T 2. 12 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.12 M on ito rin g of In di vi du al s an d A re as • D em on st ra te c om pl ia nc e w ith P ar t 8 35 • D oc um en t r ad io lo gi ca l c on di tio ns • D et ec t c ha ng es in c on di tio ns • D et ec t t he g ra du al b ui ld up o f r ad io ac tiv e m at er ia l • Ve rif y ef fe ct iv en es s of e ng in ee rin g an d pr oc es s co nt ro ls • Id en tif y an d co nt ro l p ot en tia l r ad ia tio n so ur ce s an d/ or ra di oa ct iv e m at er ia l O T 2. 13 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.13 In st ru m en ta tio n • Pe rio di ca lly m ai nt ai ne d an d ca lib ra te d • R ev ie w ed fo r a pp ro pr ia te ne ss : – Ty pe s, le ve ls , a nd e ne rg ie s of ra di at io n – En vi ro nm en ta l c on di tio ns • R ou tin el y te st ed fo r o pe ra bi lit y O T 2. 14 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.14 In di vi du al M on ito rin g – Ex te rn al D os im et ry p ro vi de d to a nd u se d by : • R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke rs • D ec la re d Pr eg na nt W or ke rs • O cc up at io na lly e xp os ed m in or s an d m em be rs o f t he p ub lic in c on tr ol le d ar ea • Pe rs on s en te rin g H ig h or V er y H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as O T 2. 15 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.15 In di vi du al M on ito rin g – In te rn al C on du ct ed fo r: • R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke rs • D ec la re d Pr eg na nt W or ke rs • O cc up at io na lly e xp os ed m in or s an d m em be rs o f t he p ub lic in a c on tr ol le d ar ea O T 2. 16 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.16 R ec ei pt o f P ac ka ge s C on ta in in g R ad io ac tiv e M at er ia l A pp lic ab le to c er ta in ty pe s of p ac ka ge s: • R eq ui re s m on ito rin g • Sp ec ifi es ti m e lim it fo r m on ito rin g; w ith in 8 ho ur s af te r s ta rt o f n ex t w or ki ng d ay O T 2. 17 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.17 En tr y C on tr ol P ro gr am • R ad io lo gi ca l A re as • H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as • Ve ry H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as O T 2. 18 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.18 M et ho ds to E ns ur e C on tr ol • Si gn s an d ba rr ic ad es • C on tr ol d ev ic es o n en tr an ce s • A la rm s • Lo ck ed e nt ra nc es • A dm in is tr at iv e co nt ro ls O T 2. 19 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.19 R ad io lo gi ca l A re a Eg re ss –N o co nt ro l(s ) s ha ll be in st al le d at an y ra di ol og ic al a re a ex it th at w ou ld p re ve nt ra pi d ev ac ua tio n of pe rs on ne l u nd er e m er ge nc y co nd iti on s. O T 2. 20 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.20 H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as • W he re a n in di vi du al c ou ld e xc ee d a de ep d os e eq ui va le nt o f 0 .1 re m in o ne h ou r, m ea su re d 30 c m fr om th e so ur ce o r f ro m a ny s ur fa ce th at th e ra di at io n pe ne tr at es • If in di vi du al c ou ld re ce iv e a do se > 1 .0 re m in an h ou r r eq ui re o ne o r m or e of th e fo llo w in g: – C on tr ol d ev ic es – A

la rm s – Su rv ei lla nc e to p re ve nt e nt ry – Lo ck s O T 2. 21 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.21 Ve ry H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as • D os e in e xc es s of 5 00 ra d in o ne h ou r a t 1 m et er fr om s ou rc e or fr om a ny s ur fa ce th at th e ra di at io n pe ne tr at es O T 2. 22 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.22 Ve ry H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as (C on t.) – In a dd iti on to th e re qu ire m en ts fo r a H ig h R ad ia tio n A re a, a dd iti on al m ea su re s sh al l be im pl em en te d to e ns ur e in di vi du al s ar e no t a bl e to g ai n un au th or iz ed a cc es s to Ve ry H ig h R ad ia tio n A re as . – “N o co nt ro l(s ) s ha ll be e st ab lis he d in a H ig h or V er y H ig h R ad ia tio n A re a th at w ou ld p re ve nt ra pi d ev ac ua tio n of pe rs on ne l.” O T 2. 23 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.23 Si gn s • Ye llo w b ac kg ro un d • B la ck o r m ag en ta ra di at io n sy m bo l • C le ar a nd c on sp ic uo us s ig ns O T 2. 24 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.24 R ec or ds R eq ui re m en ts In cl ud e: • D em on st ra te c om pl ia nc e w ith 1 0 C FR 8 35 • In di vi du al m on ito rin g • Se al ed s ou rc e in ve nt or y an d co nt ro l • R es ul ts o f s ur ve ys : – R el ea se o f m at er ia l a nd e qu ip m en t – R ad ia tio n an d ra di oa ct iv e m at er ia l i n th e w or kp la ce • M ai nt en an ce a nd c al ib ra tio n of in st ru m en ts • In te rn al a ud its • R ad ia tio n sa fe ty tr ai ni ng O T 2. 25 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.25 R ep or ts to In di vi du al s In cl ud e: • A nn ua l r ep or t o f d os e • Em pl oy m en t t er m in at io n re co rd o f e xp os ur e O T 2. 26 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.26 R ad ia tio n Sa fe ty T ra in in g • B as ed o n: – A re a ac ce ss – R ec ei vi ng o cc up at io na l d os e – A ss ig nm en t a s R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke r • R eq ui re m en ts : – Ex am in at io n fo r c er ta in le ve l ( e. g. , R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke r T ra in in g) – Tr ai ni ng in te rv al s of tw en ty fo ur m on th s or le ss – Sp ec ifi es to pi cs – Pr ov is io n fo r a llo w in g us e of e sc or ts O T 2. 27 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.27 D es ig n an d C on tr ol • Fa ci lit y de si gn a nd m od ifi ca tio ns : – O pt im iz at io n m et ho ds s ha ll be u se d – M ai nt ai n do se ra te s be lo w 0 .5 m re m /h ou r – A vo id re le as e of a irb or ne ra di oa ct iv ity – Fa ci lit at e op er at io ns , m ai nt en an ce , de co nt am in at io n, a nd de co m m is si on in g O T 2. 28 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.28 W or kp la ce C on tr ol s • Ph ys ic al d es ig n fe at ur es a nd a dm in is tr at iv e co nt ro ls s ha ll pr ov id e: – O cc up at io na l d os e to g en er al e m pl oy ee s no t e xc ee d th e lim its – A LA R A p ro ce ss is u til iz ed O T 2. 29 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.29 R ad io ac tiv e C on ta m in at io n C on tr ol • To c on tr ol le d ar ea s (P ar t 8

35 ) • To u nc on tr ol le d ar ea s (D O E O 5 40 0. 5) • M on ito r c on ta m in at io n le ve l • Pr ov is io ns to re le as e to c on tr ol le d ar ea ite m s w ith fi xe d co nt am in at io n • R eq ui re s pe rs on ne l m on ito rin g • R eq ui re s pr ot ec tiv e cl ot hi ng O T 2. 30 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.30 Se al ed R ad io ac tiv e So ur ce C on tr ol • Se al ed ra di oa ct iv e so ur ce s sh al l b e us ed , ha nd le d an d st or ed in a m an ne r co m m en su ra te w ith th e ha za rd . O T 2. 31 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.31 Em er ge nc y Ex po su re Si tu at io ns A dd re ss es : • Em pl oy ee s w ho h av e ex ce ed ed d os e lim its as a re su lt of a n au th or iz ed e m er ge nc y ex po su re • N uc le ar a cc id en t d os im et ry O T 2. 32 DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 2.32 N uc le ar A cc id en t D os im et ry • R eq ui re d fo r i ns ta lla tio ns p os se ss in g po te nt ia l c rit ic al m as s • M et ho d to c on du ct in iti al s cr ee ni ng • M et ho d an d eq ui pm en t t o an al yz e bi ol og ic al m at er ia ls • A s ys te m o f f ix ed n uc le ar a cc id en t do si m et er s • Pe rs on al n uc le ar a cc id en t d os im et er s DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 1 O T 3. 1 O bj ec tiv es • Id en tif y th e ra di ol og ic al c on tr ol le d ar ea s a pe rs on s ho ul d be a llo w ed to e nt er a fte r su cc es sf ul ly c om pl et in g G en er al E m pl oy ee R ad io lo gi ca l T ra in in g, R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke r I tr ai ni ng , a nd R ad io lo gi ca l W or ke r I I t ra in in g. • Li st fi ve a ct io ns u se d to in cr ea se th e aw ar en es s le ve l o f w or ke rs re la tin g to pr op er ra di ol og ic al w or k pr ac tic es . DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 2 O T 3. 2 O bj ec tiv es (c on t.) • Id en tif y th re e co nd iti on s w he n a “S to p R ad io lo gi ca l W or k” s ho ul d be in iti at ed . • Id en tif y th e ac tio ns th at s ho ul d be pe rf or m ed , p rio r t o re co m m en ce m en t o f w or k, a fte r a “ St op R ad io lo gi ca l W or k” o rd er ha s be en in iti at ed . • Id en tif y w he n te rm in at io n bi oa ss ay m on ito rin g sh ou ld b e co nd uc te d. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 3 O T 3. 3 R ad io lo gi ca l T ra in in g En su re th at p er so nn el re sp on si bl e fo r pe rf or m in g ra di ol og ic al w or k ac tiv iti es a re tr ai ne d th ro ug h: • G ER T • R ad W or ke r I a nd II • R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol T ec hn ic ia n DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 4 O T 3. 4 R ad io lo gi ca l C on tr ol s Pr og ra m Pu rp os e of tr ai ni ng : • G ui da nc e fo r p er so nn el in te ra ct io ns • G ui da nc e fo r f ac tu al e m ph as is • Fu nd am en ta ls o f c om m un ic at in g ris ks • Im po rt an ce o f i nf or m in g m an ag em en t DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 5 O T 3. 5 R ad io lo gi ca l O pe ra tio ns C on du ct ra di ol og ic al o pe ra tio ns e m ph as iz in g: • G oo d A LA R A p ra

ct ic es • R ul es a nd g ui de lin es fo r w or ke rs to m in im iz e ex po su re a nd c on tr ol ra di oa ct iv ity • R ad io lo gi ca l c on tr ol s im pr ov em en t DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 6 O T 3. 6 R ad io lo gi ca l O pe ra tio ns (c on t.) • Id en tif y ra di ol og ic al c on tr ol d ef ic ie nc ie s an d co nc er ns p ro m pt ly . • R ec og ni ze th e ne ed fo r s en si tiv ity o f ra di ol og ic al w or k pr ac tic es . • Pe rio di ca lly re vi ew o ng oi ng jo bs . • Id en tif y co nd iti on s th at c ou ld le ad to o r pr om ot e th e sp re ad o f c on ta m in at io n. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 7 O T 3. 7 “S to p R ad io lo gi ca l W or k” A ut ho rit y • In ad eq ua te ra di ol og ic al c on tr ol s • R ad io lo gi ca l c on tr ol s N O T be in g im pl em en te d • R ad io lo gi ca l c on tr ol h ol d po in ts N O T be in g sa tis fie d • Jo b sc op e ch an ge d • A re a co nd iti on s ch an ge d DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 8 O T 3. 8 R ad io lo gi ca l M ea su re m en ts En su re e xp os ur e m on ito rin g an d m ea su re m en ts a re a cc ur at el y ob ta in ed a nd ap pr op ria te ly d oc um en te d. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 9 O T 3. 9 B io as sa y A na ly se s In di ca to rs • Fa ci al o r n as al c on ta m in at io n is de te ct ed • A irb or ne m on ito rin g in di ca te s th e po te nt ia l o f 1 00 m re m or m or e co m m itt ed e ffe ct iv e do se e qu iv al en t • A ny c on ta m in at ed w ou nd DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 10 O T 3. 10 B io as sa y A na ly se s In di ca to rs (C on t.) • C on ta m in at io n on p ro te ct iv e cl ot hi ng , s ki n or fa ci al a re a or u np la nn ed s pr ea d of co nt am in at io n • D et ec ta bl e co nt am in at io n in si de a re sp ira to r af te r i ts re m ov al • W he n an in ta ke is s us pe ct ed DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 11 O T 3. 11 M ai nt en an ce a nd M od ifi ca tio n Pl an s Id en tif y an d in co rp or at e ra di ol og ic al re qu ire m en ts , s uc h as : • En gi ne er ed c on tr ol s • D os e re du ct io n co ns id er at io ns • C on ta m in at io n re du ct io n co ns id er at io ns DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 3. 12 O T 3. 12 R ad io lo gi ca l P er fo rm an ce Es ta bl is h an d m ai nt ai n lin e m an ag em en t in vo lv em en t a nd a cc ou nt ab ili ty fo r ra di ol og ic al p er fo rm an ce in vo lv in g: • R ad io lo gi ca l p er fo rm an ce g oa ls • Pe rf or m an ce in di ca to rs DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 1 O T 4. 1 O bj ec tiv es • Id en tif y w ay s to v er ify e m pl oy ee -a nd op er at io n- sp ec ifi c tr ai ni ng re qu ire m en ts fo r pe rs on ne l. • Id en tif y m et ho ds to d et er m in e an em pl oy ee ’s d os e st at us . • D es cr ib e ho w th e Li fe tim e C on tr ol L ev el is ca lc ul at ed fo r r ad io lo gi ca l w or ke rs . DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 2 O T 4. 2 O bj ec tiv es (c on t.) • D es cr ib e th e re qu ire m en ts in o rd er

fo r a fe m al e w or ke r t o be c on si de re d a de cl ar ed pr eg na nt w or ke r. • Id en tif y th e do se li m its e st ab lis he d fo r a de cl ar ed p re gn an t w or ke r. • Li st th e th re e m ai n co nd iti on s an e m pl oy ee m us t m ee t i n or de r t o be is su ed re sp ira to ry pr ot ec tio n eq ui pm en t. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 3 O T 4. 3 O bj ec tiv es (c on t.) • Id en tif y th e ac tio ns th at s ho ul d be ta ke n if in ta ke s of ra di oa ct iv e m at er ia ls a re in di ca te d th at c ou ld re su lt in a c om m itt ed ef fe ct iv e do se e qu iv al en t t o or g re at er th an 10 0 m re m . • D es cr ib e th e co nd iti on s th at c an in du ce he at s tr es s an d ot he r a dv er se p hy si ca l co nd iti on s fo r r ad io lo gi ca l w or ke rs . DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 4 O T 4. 4 O bj ec tiv es (c on t.) • D es cr ib e th e ac tio ns th at s ho ul d be ta ke n if a w or ke r e xh ib its s ys te m s of h ea t s tr es s or ot he r a dv er se s tr es s co nd iti on s w hi le w or ki ng in a ra di ol og ic al a re a. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 5 O T 4. 5 Tr ai ni ng /Q ua lif ic at io n R ad io lo gi ca l w or ke rs s ho ul d be q ua lif ie d to : • R ec og ni ze d et er io ra tin g ra di ol og ic al co nd iti on s • Se ek a dv ic e Tr ai ni ng re qu ire m en ts a re e st ab lis he d to : • En su re th at p er so nn el h av e th e tr ai ni ng to w or k sa fe ly • M ai nt ai n in di vi du al e xp os ur es A LA R A DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 6 O T 4. 6 Li fe tim e O cc up at io na l D os e • N = p er so n’ s ag e • Sp ec ia l c on tr ol le ve l = 1 re m /y ea r • N ot to e xc ee d N re m DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 7 O T 4. 7 W or ke r R es po ns ib ili tie s Ex po su re Hi st or y • N ot ify ra di ol og ic al c on tr ol p er so nn el o f of fs ite e xp os ur es s o th at in di vi du al re co rd s ca n be u pd at ed DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 8 O T 4. 8 D ec la re d Pr eg na nt W or ke r • N ot ifi es e m pl oy er in w rit in g • Em br yo /fe tu s do se li m it fo r g es ta tio n pe rio d sh al l b e 50 0 m re m • A vo id s ex ce ed in g a do se o f 5 0 m re m /m on th DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 9 O T 4. 9 R es pi ra to r U se R eq ui re m en ts Th re e m ai n re qu ire m en ts b ef or e re sp ira to r u se : • Tr ai ne d • Fi tte d • M ed ic al ly q ua lif ie d Tr ai ni ng a nd q ua lif ic at io n te st in g pe rf or m ed an nu al ly DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4. 10 O T 4. 10 A irb or ne R ad ia tio n Ex po su re If un pl an ne d in ta ke s in di ca te a c om m itt ed ef fe ct iv e do se e qu iv al en t of 1 00 m re m or m or e: • Id en tif y pe rs on ne l p ot en tia lly e xp os ed . • D et er m in e th e du ra tio n of p ot en tia l ex po su re to a irb or ne ra di oa ct iv ity . • H av e do se e va lu at ed p rio r t o pe rm itt in g th e w or ke r t o re tu rn to ra di ol og ic al w or k. DOE-HDBK-1143-2001 Overhead 4.