DOE-HDBK-1140-2001, Human Factors/Ergonomics Handbook for the Design for Ease of Maintenance (Part 1 of 3)

DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 FEBRUARY 2001 DOE HANDBOOK HUMAN FACTORS/ERGONOMICS HANDBOOK FOR THE DESIGN FOR EASE OF MAINTENANCE U.S. Department of Energy AREA HFAC Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE TS This document has been reproduced from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from ES&H Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Energy, (800) 473-4375, fax: (301) 903-9823. Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 605-6000. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 iii FOREWORD The purpose of this handbook is to provide Department of Energy (DOE) contractors with information that can be used to design equipment and maintenance programs in order to reduce human errors and subsequently accidents and injuries due to human errors with maintenance activities. This handbook provides human factors good practices for design of equipment, systems, subsystems, and facilities, including support facilities and equipment, as well as, guidance for maintenance support equipment and procedures, maintenance aids, and maintenance programs. This handbook is part of a series of guides designed to enhance the guidelines set forth in DOE Orders 4330.4B, 420.1, and 5480.30 and DOE Guides 200.1, 420.1-1, 421, and 452.2A. KEYWORDS Facility Maintenance design Maintenance programs Workshops DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 iv INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................................................................iii Table of contents............................................................................................................................ v Tables............................................................................................................................................vii Figures .........................................................................................................................................viii 1.0 General .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Source documents ................................................................................................ 2 2.0 Design for maintainability ................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Unitization, modularization, and standardization ................................................ 7 2.2 Unit layout, mounting, and configuring............................................................. 10 2.3 Labeling, marking, and coding........................................................................... 21 2.4 Equipment accessibility ..................................................................................... 32 2.5 Controls, displays, and protective devices ......................................................... 36 2.6 Line and cable design......................................................................................... 46 2.7 Connector design................................................................................................ 57 2.8 Test and service point design ............................................................................. 69 2.9 Test equipment design........................................................................................ 78 2.10 Cover, case, and shield design ........................................................................... 84 2.11 Fastener design and application ......................................................................... 88 2.12 Drawer and rack design.................................................................................... 103 2.13 Handle and grasp area design........................................................................... 106 2.14 Maintenance Safety.......................................................................................... 111

3.0 Workspace, storage, and workshop design ................................................................. 113 3.1 Workspace and operations in non-workshop areas.......................................... 113 3.2 Facility design for work in radiological areas.................................................. 121 3.3 Workshops........................................................................................................ 123 3.4 Radiological workshops ................................................................................... 132 3.5 Other shop and office areas.............................................................................. 134 3.6 Storage areas .................................................................................................... 135 4.0 Maintenance support equipment ................................................................................. 139 4.1 General guidelines............................................................................................ 139 4.2 Vehicles............................................................................................................ 139 4.3 Design principles for jacks............................................................................... 140 4.4 Cradles, cranes, hoists, padeyes ....................................................................... 141 4.5 Elevators........................................................................................................... 145 4.6 Remote handling equipment ............................................................................ 147 4.7 Hand tools ........................................................................................................ 152 4.8 Hand tool use in hot environments................................................................... 157 4.9 Stairs, ladders, and ramps................................................................................. 158 4.10 Platforms, catwalks, and shelters ..................................................................... 164 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 vi 4.11 Hatches............................................................................................................. 168 4.12 Communication equipment and procedures..................................................... 170 5.0 Maintenance aids........................................................................................................... 175 5.1 General guidelines............................................................................................ 175 5.2 Maintenance procedures................................................................................... 176 6.0 Developing maintenance programs ............................................................................. 195 6.1 Preventive maintenance programs ................................................................... 195 6.2 Monitoring programs to detect functional failure ............................................ 199 6.3 Servicing and adjustment ................................................................................. 201 6.4 Maintenance information management systems .............................................. 203 6.5 Software and program maintenance................................................................. 204 6.6 Maintainability design as a part of system development ................................. 205

Glossary...................................................................................................................................... 215 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 vii Tables Table 2.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of using disposable modules .............................. 9 Table 2.4.1 Equipment access selection criteria, provides guidance for selecting equipment accesses ............................................................................................ 36 Table 2.5.1 Examples of valve color-coding schemes .......................................................... 41 Table 2.9.1 Advantages and disadvantages of types of test equipment ................................ 80 Table 2.13.1 Lifting criteria for handles................................................................................ 109 Table 3.1. Specific task illumination requirements .......................................................... 131 Table 4.12.1 Intelligibility criteria for voice communication systems.................................. 173 Table 6.2.1 Sample portion of component failure modes effects analysis.......................... 200 Table 6.2.2 Example of classification of functional failures for selection of monitoring approaches................................................................................. 200 Table 6.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of using servicing and adjusting approaches.. 202 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 viii Figures Figure 2.1.1 A hypothetical equipment design maximizing unit independence....................... 8 Figure 2.1.2 Unitization of a module for easy replacement of low reliability components ..... 9 Figure 2.2.1 Example of slides with tilt action feature........................................................... 12 Figure 2.2.2 Proper placement of components ....................................................................... 13 Figure 2.2.3 Labeling and coding for panels or equipment.................................................... 14 Figure 2.2.4 Design of hinged units........................................................................................ 16 Figure 2.2.5 Error-free mounting designs............................................................................... 17 Figure 2.2.6 Example of fold-out construction....................................................................... 17 Figure 2.2.7 Bracing of hinged assemblies............................................................................. 18 Figure 2.2.8 Use of stands for component maintenance......................................................... 18 Figure 2.2.9 Twist-to-lock type mounting bracket ................................................................. 19 Figure 2.2.10 Use of spring clamp mounts............................................................................... 20 Figure 2.3.1 Label composition .............................................................................................. 26 Figure 2.3.2 Label containing usable sequence of steps......................................................... 26 Figure 2.3.3 Use of horizontal rather than vertical labeling ................................................... 26 Figure 2.3.4 Use of arrows with narrow width-to-length ratios ............................................. 27 Figure 2.3.5 Label positioning................................................................................................ 28

Figure 2.3.6 Component labeling to preclude operating error................................................ 28 Figure 2.3.7 Label indicating control positions ...................................................................... 29 Figure 2.3.8 Relating labels to controls and displays ............................................................. 29 Figure 2.3.9 Examples of warning labels ............................................................................... 31 Figure 2.4.1 Poor working positions to be avoided ................................................................ 34 Figure 2.5.1 Locating internal controls................................................................................... 36 Figure 2.5.2 Remote controls.................................................................................................. 37 Figure 2.5.3 Controls with built in locking provisions........................................................... 38 Figure 2.5.4 Tool actuated control.......................................................................................... 38 Figure 2.5.5 Covers for individual controls............................................................................ 39 Figure 2.5.6 Examples of recessed controls and panels and use of raised barriers ................ 39 Figure 2.5.7 Valve control labels............................................................................................ 40 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 ix Figure 2.5.8 Minimizing visual parallax................................................................................. 44 Figure 2.5.9 Oil level sight plug ............................................................................................. 44 Figure 2.6.1 Proper routing of cable to avoid sharp bends..................................................... 47 Figure 2.6.2 Proper routing of cable to avoid walking on ...................................................... 48 Figure 2.6.3 Quick release, hinged and spring type clamps ................................................... 49 Figure 2.6.4 Line and cable rack, winder, and hook............................................................... 50 Figure 2.6.5 Line and cable reel cart ...................................................................................... 50 Figure 2.6.6 Line and cable mobile support ........................................................................... 50 Figure 2.6.7 Preformed cables ................................................................................................ 51 Figure 2.6.8 Proper soldering of electrical wire ..................................................................... 51 Figure 2.6.9 U-type lugs ......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.6.10 Proper spacing of wire loads .............................................................................. 52 Figure 2.6.11 Proper length of terminals and connections ....................................................... 52 Figure 2.6.12 Cable �fanning� for ease of maintenance........................................................... 54 Figure 2.7.1 Example of plug-in connector ............................................................................ 58 Figure 2.7.2 Example of proper attachment of crimp-on devices .......................................... 59 Figure 2.7.3 Example of quick-disconnect connector ............................................................ 59

Figure 2.7.4 Example of crimp-on lug.................................................................................... 59 Figure 2.7.5 Example of bolt assembly .................................................................................. 60 Figure 2.7.6 Example of threaded connector.......................................................................... 60 Figure 2.7.7 Plug and receptacle design and identification methods ..................................... 63 Figure 2.7.8 Examples of quick-disconnect plugs.................................................................. 64 Figure 2.7.9 Example of extended alignment guides ............................................................. 64 Figure 2.7.10 Example of asymmetrical aligning pin arrangement.......................................... 65 Figure 2.7.11 Proper arrangement of electrical connectors...................................................... 65 Figure 2.7.12 Plug vs. pig-tailing connections ......................................................................... 66 Figure 2.7.13 Examples of plugs with integral test point or test point adapter ........................ 66 Figure 2.7.14 Example of proper use of plugs with many pins................................................ 67 Figure 2.7.15 Example of externally visible gasket ................................................................. 68 Figure 2.8.1 Internal needle probe and self-sealing elastomer ............................................... 71 Figure 2.8.2 Test probe guides ............................................................................................... 71 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 x Figure 2.8.3 Proper test point grouping .................................................................................. 73 Figure 2.8.4 Fan out cables for test points.............................................................................. 73 Figure 2.8.5 Example of typical lubrication fittings............................................................... 74 Figure 2.8.6 Example of well-designed oil filler cap ............................................................. 75 Figure 2.11.1 Example of proper and improper design of bolt fastener................................... 90 Figure 2.11.2 Examples of external and internal grip heads .................................................... 92 Figure 2.11.3 Examples of quick-release type fasteners .......................................................... 93 Figure 2.11.4 Example of effective latch catch fastener .......................................................... 94 Figure 2.11.5 Example of effective positioning of latches....................................................... 94 Figure 2.11.6 Example of quick release clamp......................................................................... 95 Figure 2.11.7 Example of clamp requiring one hand operation ............................................... 95 Figure 2.11.8 Example of captive fasteners.............................................................................. 96 Figure 2.11.9 Examples of combination head bolts and screws and slotted hexagon screws .................................................................................................. 96 Figure 2.11.10 Example of deep-slotted screw heads ................................................................ 97 Figure 2.11.11 Example of appropriate bolt length.................................................................... 98

Figure 2.11.12 Example of self-sealing nut................................................................................ 99 Figure 2.11.13 Example of lock nut ........................................................................................... 99 Figure 2.11.14 Example of a clinch nut...................................................................................... 99 Figure 2.11.15 Example of a floating nut ................................................................................... 99 Figure 2.11.16 Example of an internal wrenching bolt and nut ............................................... 100 Figure 2.11.17 Example of a chemical charge rivet ................................................................. 101 Figure 2.11.18 Example of gang-channeled nuts ..................................................................... 101 Figure 2.11.19 Example of adequate size cotter key head ....................................................... 102 Figure 2.11.20 Example of retainer ring................................................................................... 102 Figure 2.11.21 Example of retainer chain ................................................................................ 103 Figure 2.12.1 Examples of drawer and rack design................................................................ 104 Figure 2.13.1 Minimum dimensions for different handle designs.......................................... 107 Figure 2.13.2 Handle location for easy carrying .................................................................... 108 Figure 2.13.3 Handle location for covers and carrying units ................................................. 108 Figure 2.13.4 Handle equipped with quick-release pins......................................................... 109 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 xi Figure 2.13.5 Examples of handles for withdrawing printed circuit boards .......................... 110 Figure 2.13.6 Examples of miscellaneous uses for handles ................................................... 111 Figure 3.1.1 Depth of work area........................................................................................... 114 Figure 3.1.2 Mobile workspace dimensions......................................................................... 117 Figure 3.1.3 Fall protection devices ..................................................................................... 120 Figure 3.3.1 Standard design for stand-up benches.............................................................. 127 Figure 3.3.2 Podium type workbench design ....................................................................... 127 Figure 3.3.3 Stand-sit stool................................................................................................... 128 Figure 3.3.4 Sit-only workbench .......................................................................................... 129 Figure 3.3.5 Double-sided workbench design and workbench accessories ......................... 129 Figure 3.6.1 Drawer design features..................................................................................... 137 Figure 3.6.2 Open shelf design feature................................................................................. 138 Figure 4.4.1 Hand-held hoist control box............................................................................. 144 Figure 4.4.2 Example of hoist lug and lock pin.................................................................... 145

Figure 4.6.1 Degrees of freedom of movement for manipulator arm and wrist assembly... 148 Figure 4.6.2 Examples of manipulator hand configurations ................................................ 150 Figure 4.7.1 Screwdriver for small-sized adjustments ......................................................... 154 Figure 4.7.2 Example of clip screwdriver ............................................................................ 154 Figure 4.7.3 Example of push-type tool ............................................................................... 155 Figure 4.7.4 Uses of straight and off-set screwdrivers ......................................................... 156 Figure 4.7.5 Example of clamping device............................................................................ 157 Figure 4.9.1 Preferred and critical angles for ladders, stair ladders, stairs, and ramps ........ 159 Figure 4.9.2 Examples of use of safety screens behind open stairs and landings .............. 1160 Figure 4.9.3 Example of hazard marking on ladder ............................................................. 161 Figure 4.9.4 Portable rung ladder dimensions...................................................................... 162 Figure 4.9.5 Step-ladder dimensions .................................................................................... 163 Figure 4.10.1 Example of a catwalk ....................................................................................... 167 Figure 4.10.2 Critical dimensions for guardrails.................................................................... 168 Figure 4.11.1 Whole body access opening ............................................................................. 169 Figure 4.11.2 Floor-mounted hatch ........................................................................................ 170 Figure 5.2.1 Example of purpose and scope section ............................................................ 178 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 xii Figure 5.2.2 Example of tools and supplies section ............................................................. 178 Figure 5.2.3 Example of precautions and limitations section............................................... 179 Figure 5.2.4 Example of a list of prerequisites..................................................................... 179 Figure 5.2.5 Example of highlighting................................................................................... 179 Figure 5.2.6 Example of subtask command technique......................................................... 180 Figure 5.2.7 Numbered callouts ........................................................................................... 181 Figure 5.2.8 Direct callouts .................................................................................................. 181 Figure 5.2.9 Example of a caution statement made to stand out .......................................... 181 Figure 5.2.10 Example of a double check list for an independent observer........................... 183 Figure 5.2.11 Example of conditional statement in a step as a note....................................... 184 Figure 5.2.12 Example of a data table .................................................................................... 185 Figure 5.2.13 Direct cue/response format .............................................................................. 186

Figure 5.2.14 Running text with integrated art....................................................................... 187 Figure 5.2.15 Facing page format........................................................................................... 188 Figure 5.2.16 Running text with foldout art format ............................................................... 189 Figure 5.2.17 Presenting actions as task steps........................................................................ 190 Figure 5.2.18 Exploded view drawing.................................................................................... 191 Figure 5.2.19 Cutaway view drawings ................................................................................... 192 Figure 6.1.1 Decision logic tree............................................................................................ 198 Figure 6.5.1 Use of prone position overlay to evaluate required clearance ......................... 210 DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 1 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Introduction Maintainability is that characteristic of design and installation that affects the amount of time and cost necessary to repair, test, calibrate, or adjust an item to a specified condition when using defined procedures and resources. Design for maintainability has as a prime objective the design of systems, subsystems, equipment and facilities capable of being maintained in the least amount of time, at the lowest cost, and with a minimum expenditure of support resources. Attempts to achieve this objective have evolved into the engineering discipline of maintainability. To realize the overall goal of maintainability, that is, to prevent failure or to restore a failed system or device to operational effectiveness easily and cost effectively, requires that maintainability and the associated human factors contributions be considered as part of the total design process. Maintainability must be designed into the system and equipment during the beginning stage of development to ensure that costly maintenance and/or redesign are avoided. Maintainability should complement operational requirements of a system. Design for maintainability is an evolutionary process that starts in the equipment concept stage and ends after the equipment has been built and tested. This handbook provides design criteria for promoting system maintainability. These criteria are specifically compiled to assist in incorporating maintainability into new systems or for modification of existing facilities to increase their maintainability. They are not in themselves grounds for establishing the requirement to modify a facility. However they may be used to identify discrepancies with existing design criteria that may result in decreased system and facility maintainability. This volume is an update and extension of an earlier DOE document, UCRL-15673, Human Factors Design Guidelines for Maintainability of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities. 1.1.1 Scope This standard establishes system maintainability design criteria for DOE systems, subsystems, equipment and facilities. 1.1.2 Purpose

This document is intended to ensure that DOE systems, subsystems, equipment, and facilities are designed to promote their maintainability. These guidelines are concerned with design features of DOE facilities that can potentially affect preventive and corrective maintenance of systems within DOE facilities. Maintenance includes inspecting, checking, troubleshooting, adjusting, replacing, repairing, and servicing activities. This handbook also addresses other factors that influence maintainability, such as repair and maintenance support facilities including hotshops, maintenance information, and various aspects of the environment and worker health and safety. This standard is to be applied to the system design of DOE systems, subsystems, equipment and facilities to: � Reduce the need for and frequency of design-dictated maintenance. � Reduce system/equipment down-time. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 2 � Reduce design-dictated maintenance support costs. � Limit maintenance personnel requirements. � Reduce the potential for maintenance error. � Assure use of standard procedures, equipment, and tools, when possible. This standard serves as a reference and may be cited contractually in system specification and requirements to form a basis for evaluation of the human-machine interface. 1.1.3 Application These standards should be applied to the design and retrofitting of all facilities, systems, subsystems and equipment by elements of the DOE. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this standard is applicable for use by both men and women. Design should accommodate the range from the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male within the user population unless alternate upper and lower limits are specified by the DOE. 1.2 Source documents (for original DOE document, UCRL-15673, Human Factors Design Guidelines for Maintainability of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities, of which this document represents an update and extension). 1. Altman, J.W., Marchese, A.C., & Marchiando, B.W., Guide to design of mechanical equipment for maintainability, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, ASD Technical Report 61-381(NTIS AD- 269332), 1961. 2. Blanchard, B.S., & Lowery, E.E., Maintainability: Principles and practices, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969. 3. Brynda, W.J., Lobner, P. R., Powell, R.W., & Straker, E.A. Design guide for category I reactors light and heavy water cooled reactors, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NTIS BNL- 50831-11, UC-80, 1978. 4. Choate, L.M., & Schmidt, T.R. Sandia Laboratories radiation facilities. Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, 1979. 5. Crawford, B.M., & Altman, J.W. Designing for maintainability, in H.P. Van Cott and R.G. Kinkade, Human engineering guide to equipment design, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972. 6. Cunningham, C.E., & Cox, W. Applied maintainability engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972. 7. Designing for man's advances in control room operations, EPRI Journal, July/August 1982, pp. 6-13. 8. Engineering design handbook-maintainability guide for design. U.S. Army Materiel Command, Washington, D.C., AMC Pamphlet 706-134 (AD-754 202), 1972. 9. Folley, J.D., & Altman, J.W. Guide to design of electronic equipment for maintainability, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, WADC-TR-56-218 (AD-101-729), 1956. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 3 10. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Guidelines for Control Room Design Reviews, Washington, D.C., NUREG-0700, 1981.

11. Department of Defense, Human engineering design criteria for military systems, equipment and facilities, MIL-STD-1472F, 1998. 12. U.S. Army, Human factors engineering design for Army materiel, MIL-HBK-759C, 1995. 13. Department of Defense, Maintainability program requirements (for systems and equipment), MIL- STD-470, 1966. 14. McCormick, E.J., & Sanders, M.S., Human factors engineering and design (5th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982. 15. Morgan, C.T., Chapanis, A., Cook, J.S., & Lund, M.W., Human engineering guide to equipment design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963. 16. Parker, J.F., Jr., & West, V.R., Bioastronautics data book (2nd ed.), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1973. 17. Pulliam, R., Price, H.E., Bongarra, J.P., Jr., Sawyer, C.R., & Kisner, R.A., A methodology for allocating nuclear power plant control functions to human or automatic control, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., NUREG/CR3331, 1983. 18. Rigby, L.V., & Cooper, J.I., Problems and procedures in maintainability, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, ASD Technical Note 61-126 (AD-273-108), 1961. 19. Rigby, L.V., Cooper, J.I., & Spickard, W.A. Guide to integrated system design for maintainability Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, ASD Technical Report 61-424, 1961. 20. Seminars, J.L, Human factors methods for assessing and enhancing power plant maintainability, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, EPRI-NP-2360, 1982. 21. Seminars, J.L., & Parsons, S. O., Human factors review of power plant maintainability, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, EPRI-NP-1567, 1981. 22. Seminars, J.L., Parsons, S. O., Schmidt, W.J., Gonzalez, W.R., & Dove, L.E., Human factors review of power plant maintainability, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, EPRI-NP-1567SY, 1980. 23. Seminars, J.L., Gonzalez, W.R., & Parsons, S. O. Human factors review of nuclear power plant control room design, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, EPRI-NP-309, 1977. 24. Smith, D.J., & Babb, A.H., Maintainability engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973. 25. Van Cott, H.P., & Kinkade, R.G,. Human engineering guide to equipment design, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972. 26. Woodson,W.E., Human factors design handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 4 27. Zahn, H.S. et al. Developing maintainability for fusion power systems, Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., NTIS COO-4184-8, 1979. 1.2.1 Additional Source documents used for this revision 1. Arnold, R.S., Slovin, M., and Wilde, N. Do design records really benefit software maintenance. IEEE conference on software maintenance, 1993, pp. 234 - 243. 2. Caldiera, G. Impact of ISO 9000 on software maintenance, IEEE conference on software maintenance, 1993, pp. 228 - 230. 3. Caparetz, M.A. and Munro, M. Configuration management discipline, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1992, pp. 183 - 192. 4. Cherinka, C.M. Overstreet, L.M, Sparks, R. Building an integrated software maintenance environment - from a maintainers perspective, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1993, pp. 31 - 40. 5. Department of Defense, Human Engineering design criteria for military systems, equipment, and facilities., MIL-STD-1472F, 1998. 6. draft Department of Energy, Human factors engineering design criteria: Volume I, general criteria, DOE- HDBK-XXXX, 1994.

7. Garland, J.K. and Calliss, F.W. Improved change tracking for software maintenance, IEEE conference on software maintenance, 1991, pp. 32 - 41. 8. Gulla, B. Improved maintenance support by multi-version visualizations, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1992, pp. 376 - 383. 9. Harjani, D.K. and Queille, J.P. A process model for the maintenance of large space systems software, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1992, pp. 127 - 136. 10. Harrison, W. and Cook, C. Insights on improving the maintenance process through software measurement, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1990, pp. 37 - 45. 11. Leung, H.K. and White, L. A study of integration testing and software regression at the integration level, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, pp. 290 - 301. 12. Moubray, J. Reliability centered maintenance, Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd., London, 1991. 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Man-System Integration Standards, NASA-STD-3000, Vol. 1., 1987. 14. Pack, R.W. et. al., Human engineering design guidelines for maintainability, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, EPRI-NP-4350, 1985 . 15. Pigoski, T.M. and Cowden, C.A. Software transition: experience and lessons learned, IEEE conference on software maintenance, 1992, pp. 294 - 298. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 5 16. Pigoski, T.M. and Looney, C.S. Software maintenance training: Transition experiences, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1993, 314 - 318. 17. Van Cott, H.P. and Kinkade, R.G. Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design, Revised Edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972. 18. Vollman, T. Transitioning from development to maintenance, IEEE Conference on software maintenance, 1990, pp. 189 - 199. DOE-HDBK-1140-2001 6 INTENTIONALLY BLANK Cover FOREWORD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Source documents