DOE-STD-5503-94, EM Health and Safety Plan Guidelines

TS NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-STD-5503-94 December 1994 DOE STANDARD EM HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN GUIDELINES U.S. Department of Energy AREA SAFT Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. WELCOME This Portable Document Format (PDF) file contains bookmarks, thumbnails, and hyperlinks to help you navigate through the document. All items listed in the Contents are linked to the corresponding sections. In addition, if you click on a section heading while you are reading the text, you will return to the Contents. Click on the DOE seal below to move to the Contents page. This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; (615) 576-8401. Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 487-4650. Order No. DE95004760 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix LIST OF ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.0. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2. Site-Specific HASP Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2.2. Key Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1.2.3. Hazard Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1.2.4. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1.2.5. Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1.2.6. Temperature Extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1.2.7. Medical Surveillance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1.2.8. Exposure Monitoring and Air Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1.2.9. Site Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1.2.10. Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 1.2.11. Emergency Response/Contigency Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 1.2.12. Emergency Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1.2.13. Confined Space Entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1.2.14. Spill Containment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 1.3. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

2.0. KEY PERSONNEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2. Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.3. Onsite Essential Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2.3.1. Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2.3.2. Site Safety and Health Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2.3.3. Safety and Health Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.3.4. Field Team Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.3.5. Command Post Supervisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2.3.6. Emergency Response Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2.3.7. Decontamination Station Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2.3.8. Security Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 ii 2.3.9. Specialty Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.4. Optional Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.4.1. Industrial Hygienist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.4.2. Fire Fighters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.4.3. Health Physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.4.4. Scientific Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.4.5. Logistics Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.6 Photographer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.7. Record Keeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.8. Public Information Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.9. Multidisciplinary Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.10. Medical Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.4.11. Bomb Squad Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.5. Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.6. Other Source of Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 3.0. HAZARD ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2. Hazard Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.2.1. Hazards List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.3. Examples of Hazard Assessment Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.4. Hazard Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.4.1. Engineering Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.4.2. Administrative Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.4.3. Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3.5. Hazard Assessment Documentation Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 4.0. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.3. Training Requirements for Personnel at ER Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.4. Training Requirements for Personnel at RCRA TSD Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.5. Training Requirements for Personnel Conducting Emergency Responses to Hazardous Substance Releases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 5.0. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.2. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 iii 5.3. Selection of Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5.4. Levels of PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5.4.1. Level A PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.4.2. Level B PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.4.3. Level C PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 5.4.4. Level D PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5.5. Use of PPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 5.5.1. PPE Selection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 5.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 6.0. EXTREME TEMPERATURE DISORDERS OR CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.2. Heat Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.2.1. Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6.2.2. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 6.3. Cold Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 6.3.1. Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6.3.2. Physiological Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6.4. Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6.4.1. Physiological Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 6.5. Integration with Other Elements of the HASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 6.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 7.0. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.2. Information for the Medical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7.3. Examination Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7.4. Baseline (Initial) Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7.4.1. Baseline/Periodic Medical Examination Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7.5. Periodic Medical Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7.6. Examination After Illness or Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7.7. Termination Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7.8. Maintenance and Availability of Medical Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7.9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 8.0. EXPOSURE MONITORING/AIR SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.2. General Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.2.1. Personnel Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.3. Air Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 8.4. Methods and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 iv 8.4.1. Direct-Reading Monitoring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 8.4.2. Time-Integrated Sampling Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6

8.5. Worker Exposure Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 8.6. Level of Protection Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 8.7. Offsite Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8.8. Perimeter Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8.9. Meteorological Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8.10. Quality Assurance/Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8.11. Recordkeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8.12. Time-Integrated Sampling Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 8.13. Direct-Reading Air Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 8.14. Final Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10 8.15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10 9.0. SITE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2. Development of the Site Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9.3. Establishment of Work Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9.3.1. The Exclusion Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9.3.2. The Contamination Reduction Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9.3.3. The Support Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9.4. Using the Buddy System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9.5. Communication Network and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9.6. Worker Safety Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9.7. Medical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 10.0. DECONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2. General Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.3. Location and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10.4. Determining Decontamination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.5. Standard Operating Procedures to Minimize Worker Contact . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 10.6. Collection, Storage and Disposal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 10.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6

11.0. EMERGENCY RESPONSE/CONTINGENCY PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.2. Pre-Emergency Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 11.3. Personnel Roles, Lines of Authority, and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 v 11.3.1. Facility Emergency Coordinator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 11.3.2. Emergency Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 11.3.3. Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 11.3.4. Emergency Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5 11.4. Emergency Recognition and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5 11.5. Safe Distances and Places of Refuge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5 11.6. Site Security and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6 11.7. Evacuation Routes/Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6 11.8. Decontamination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7 11.9. Emergency Medical Treatment/First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7 11.10. Emergency Alerting/Response Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 11.10.1. Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 11.10.2. Evaluation of the Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 11.10.3. Rescue/Response Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9 11.11. Critique of Response and Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11.11.1. Critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11.11.2. Maintaining Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11.12. PPE and Emergency Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10 11.13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11 12.0. EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.2. Emergency Escape Route Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.3. Procedures for Critical Operations Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.4. Procedures to Account for All Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.5. Rescue and Medical Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.6. Reporting Fires and Other Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 12.7. EAP Contact Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 12.8. Emergency/Evacuation Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 12.9. EAP Training Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 12.10. Fire Provention Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5

12.10.1 Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 12.10.2 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 12.10.3 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 12.11 Procedures for the Review and Update of the EAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 12.12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 13.0. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.2. Duties and Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.2.1. Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 vi 13.2.2. Confined Space Coordinator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2 13.2.3. Field Team Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2 13.2.4. Entry Supervisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3 13.2.5. Employees Entering Confined Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3 13.2.6. Attendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4 13.2.7. Rescue Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4 13.3. Identification and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4 13.3.1. Hazard Re-Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 13.4. Hazard Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 13.5. Hazard Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 13.5.1. Engineering Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6 13.5.2. Work Practice (Administrative) Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6 13.5.3. Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6 13.6. Entry Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6 13.6.1. Key Elements for Entry Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7 13.7. Entry Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8 13.8. Opening a Confined Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8 13.9. Atmospheric Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9 13.9.1. Evaluation Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9 13.9.2. Verification Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9 13.9.3. Acceptable Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-10 13.10. Isolation and Lockout/Tagout Safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-10 13.11. Ingress/Egress Safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-10 13.12. Warning Signs and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-11 13.13. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-11

13.13.1. General Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-11 13.13.2. Specific Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-12 13.14. Emergency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13 13.14.1. Emergency Response Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13 13.14.2. Retrieval Systems or Methods to Facilitate Non-entry Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13 13.15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13 14.0. SPILL CONTAINMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14.2. Preplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14.3. Reporting and Initial Personnel Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2 14.4. Initial Spill Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2 14.5. Spill Response Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2 14.6. Organizing a Spill Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3 14.7. Spill Cleanup Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 vii 14.8. Post Incident Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3 14.9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4 APPENDIX A HASP Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 APPENDIX B Concluding Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 APPENDIX C Training Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 APPENDIX D EM-40 Hazardous Materials Training Program Memorandum. . . . . . D-1 APPENDIX E Other Sources of Hazard Assessment Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 APPENDIX F Sample Decontaimination Layouts and Procedures for Levels of Protection A through C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Example of a Health and Safety Plan Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Figure 2-2 Emergency Contact Personnel Names and Phone Numbers Example Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Figure 4-1 EM-40 Definitions and Graphic Depictions of Installation, Facility, and Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Figure 7-1 Medical Surveillance Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 Figure 10-1 Example Layout of Contamination Reduction Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 Figure 10-2 Decision Aid for Evaluating Health and Safety Aspects of Decontamination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Onsite Essential or Key Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 Table 2-2 Optional Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Table 3-1 Sample Hazard Assessment: Cleaning the Inside Surface of a Chemical/Radioactive Contaminated Tank - Top Manhole Entry . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Table 4-1 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged at EM-40 Sites . . . 4-4 Table 4-2 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged at RCRA TSD Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Table 4-3 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged in EM-40 Emergency Responses to Hazardous Substance Releases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Table 5-1 Respiratory PPE Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Table 5-2 Clothing PPE Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Table 6-1 Suggested Frequency of Physiological Monitoring for Fit and Acclimatized Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Table 6-2 Windchill Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 Table 6-3 Maximum Daily Time Limits for Exposure at Low Temperatures. . . . . . . . . 6-6 Table 7-1 Example of Periodic Examination Based on Job Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 Table 7-2 Hazardous Substances Expected to be Encountered, the Target Organ, Potential Health Effects, and Recommended Medical Monitoring . . . . . . . . . 7-6 Table 8-1 Framework for Presenting Staff Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 Table 8-2 Air Contaminants - Summary of Properties and Frequency of Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 Table 8-3 Air Contaminants - Action Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 Table 8-4 Direct-Reading Instruments for Site XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 Table 9-1 General Equivalency of Work Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Table 11-1 Emergency Contacts and Phone Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4 Table 11-2 Emergency Equipment and Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 x LIST OF ACRONYMS ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable ANSI American National Standards Institute CDC Centers for Disease Control CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

(also known as Superfund) CFR Code of Federal Regulations CPR Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation CRC Contamination Reduction Corridor CRZ Contamination Reduction Zone DHHS Department of Health and Human Services DOE Department of Energy DOT Department of Transportation EAP Emergency Action Plan EKG Electrocardiogram EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER Environmental Restoration ERP Emergency Response Plan HASP Health and Safety Plan HAZMAT Hazardous Material HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health LEL/LFL Lower Explosive Limit/Lower Flammable Limit M&O Contractor Management and Operations Contractor MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration NCP National Oil and hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission OSH Occupational Safety and Health OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OTA Office of Technology Assessment OU Operable Unit PC Protective Clothing PEL Permissible Exposure Limits PPE Personal Protection Equipment DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 xi RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REL Recommended Exposure Limits S&H Officer Safety and Health Officer SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus SSHO Site Safety and Health Officer SOP Standard Operating Procedure SOSG Standard Operating Safety Guide SSO Site Safety Office TLV Threshold Limit Values TLV-STEL Threshold Limit Value-Short-Term Exposure Limit TLV-TWA Threshold Limit Value-Time-Weighted Average TSD Treatment, Storage and Disposal UEL/UFL Upper Explosive Limit/Upper Flammable Limit USCG United States Coast Guard DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 xii INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1 INTRODUCTION These guidelines have been developed by a working group consisting of both field and headquarters personnel to provide new direction to the EM-40 program in the preparation of site- specific Health and Safety Plans (HASPs). While based on the minimum requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER), and DOE orders, these guidelines have been developed with the express purpose of implementing a high quality safety and health program. These EM-40 HASP Guidelines are a "living document" to be modified and updated as new regulations and other requirements are issued. Guiding the development of this document has been the principle that an effective and high-quality HASP must provide: • A clear chain of command for safety and health activities, • Accountability for safety and health performance, • Well defined headquarters expectations regarding safety and health, • Well defined task and operational hazards/risks, • Comprehensive hazard prevention and control methods, and • Recordkeeping requirements to track program progress. As this document was developed the working group applied the following assumptions: • It is a generic document to be adapted on a site-by-site basis, • An adequate site characterization and comprehensive workplan exists at each field site, • Operations analysis and risk identification methods are adequate, • A written site safety and health program exists as required in 29 CFR 1910.120 (b), • Written site Standard Operating Procedures exist, and • Site specific information is available.

Each chapter of these guidelines represents an element listed in 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4)(ii) for a HASP. The first chapter, Regulatory Framework, provides direction on what should be included in a site-specific HASP. 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4) has been issued as the minimum criteria, and starting point. In several instances this guidance goes beyond this requirement. In addition to the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4) the guidance is based on good industry practice, Environmental Protection Agency recommendations, specific DOE need (radiation protection), and DOE orders and directives. Chapters 2 through 14 provide guidance on how to meet the requirements specified in Chapter 1. Each chapter provides detailed information on a particular component of a site-specific HASP. When utilizing this guidance to prepare site-specific HASPs, the preparer of the HASP should be able to provide appropriate documentation on how decisions were made relative to the relevant sections of the guidance. In some cases, the requirements of different sections overlap. The preparer of a site-specific HASP need not repeat overlapping information but should indicate by reference where the information is located. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-1 1.0. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1.1. BACKGROUND In the 1986 amendments to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), Congress tasked the Administrators of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Secretary of the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to modify the National Contingency Plan (NCP) (40 CFR 300) to provide for protection of health and safety of employees involved in response actions. To satisfy this directive, standards requiring the development of a site-specific health and safety plan (HASP) were established by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER), and incorporated into the NCP (40 CFR 300.150). Additionally, the NCP requires compliance with standards and regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, including such standards as Construction Safety (29 CFR 1926) and General Industry Standards (29 CFR 1910), where applicable. DOE Orders 5480.1B and 5483.1A require compliance with these standards. This guidance document is intended to assist in the preparation of site-specific HASPs that will meet or exceed the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. This chapter summarizes the regulatory framework upon which the site-specific HASPs for EM- 40 facilities will be based. It is the intent of this chapter to provide clear, concise direction regarding compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4)(ii) as applied to EM-40 facilities. Some sections of this chapter describe techniques or modifications that are not specifically included in the HAZWOPER standard. EM-40 has adopted these additions, based on industry practice, perceived operational weaknesses, other occupational safety and health standards, or other considerations. If an existing HASP at any EM-40 site meets or exceeds the requirements of this chapter, no modifications to that HASP are necessary. Unless otherwise noted, the information requirements shall be included in at least one section and references made in other sections, as necessary. 1.2. SITE-SPECIFIC HASP REQUIREMENTS

1.2.1. Introduction The site-specific HASP should include an introduction to the plan. The main purpose of the introduction is to describe the site the HASP will encompass and its applicability to operations. In developing this description the preparer should include: • A brief description, • Background information (e.g., site history, prior site activities), DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-2 • Known site contamination, • Synopsis of site characterization, and • Site operations to be performed. While all of the following sections should be included in the HASP, a site may determine that a portion of a section does not apply (e.g., cold temperature extremes for a tropical climate). If a portion of a section is not applicable, it may not need to be addressed, but an explanation of non- applicability should be provided. 1.2.2. Key Personnel The HAZWOPER standard does not require a listing of key personnel in the site-specific HASP. However, due to the importance of this list of individuals to the overall safety and health effort at a hazardous waste site, a listing of key personnel shall be included in the site-specific HASP for EM-40 sites. The DOE Project Manager, as well as key personnel, shall be identified at the DOE, contractor and subcontractor level. It is an accepted practice that the number of key personnel shall be kept to a minimum. However, the key personnel responsibilities must be assigned and accounted for at any hazardous waste site. Both of these concerns may be accomplished, at the discretion of the Project Manager, by assigning one person to several positions. At a minimum, the key personnel section to be included in the site-specific HASP shall identify the: • Overall Project Manager, • Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO), • Additional Safety and Health Personnel, • Field Team Leader, • Command Post Supervisor, • Emergency Response Coordinator, • Decontamination Station Officer, • Security Officer, and • Specialty Team Personnel. More specific information regarding Key Personnel is contained in Chapter 2. 1.2.3. Hazard Assessment The HAZWOPER standard does not give specific guidance as to the methodology to be used to meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120(b)(4)(ii)(A). For the purpose of the EM-40 site- specific HASP the hazard assessment approach identified below shall be used. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-3 Hazard assessment is a methodology used to identify inherent or potential hazards which may be encountered in the work environment associated with accomplishing a job. At a minimum, the hazard assessment shall include the following steps: • Identification of an operation or job to be assessed, • Break down of the job or operation, • Identification of the hazards associated with each task, and • Determination of the necessary controls for the hazards. Other more detailed hazard assessment procedures are also acceptable. More specific information on the hazard assessment process is contained in Chapter 3. 1.2.4. Training In 29 CFR 1910.120(e) different levels of training are required, depending on the task to be performed. Training for EM-40 employees and contractors at EM-40 hazardous waste sites exceeds these requirements, as specified by the EM memorandum in Appendix D. The training program (40 hour offsite and 3 day onsite supervision), at a minimum, shall address:

• Key personnel responsible for site safety and health; • Safety, health and other hazards present on site; • Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); • Safe work practices and site Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs); • Safe use of onsite engineering controls and equipment; • Medical surveillance program requirements, including signs/symptoms of overexposure; • Site decontamination procedures; • Site emergency response/action plan; • Confined space entry procedures; and • Site spill containment program/procedures. Management and supervisors, as identified in the Key Personnel section, will receive an additional 8 hours of training as specified in 29 CFR 1910.120(e)(4). Additionally, 29 CFR 1910.120 (b)(4)(iii) specifies that a pre-entry briefing be given to each site worker, manager, supervisor and/or any other individual associated with the site. Documentation of these briefings shall be maintained at the site command post. Additional information on training requirements is contained in Chapter 4 and Appendix C. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-4 1.2.5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Careful selection and use of PPE is essential to protect the health and safety of workers. The purpose of PPE is to shield or isolate workers from the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological hazards that may be encountered at the site. The PPE program contained in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address: • PPE selection based on site hazards; • PPE use and limitations; • Work mission duration; • Maintenance and storage; • Decontamination and disposal; • Training and proper fitting; • Donning and doffing procedures; • Inspection procedures prior to, during, and after use; • Effectiveness evaluation procedures; and • Limitations due to temperature extremes, and other appropriate medical and physical concerns. Additional information on PPE is contained in Chapter 5. 1.2.6. Temperature Extremes Limitations due to temperature extremes often result in the necessity to modify work schedules, work hours or otherwise reduce the time employees shall spend in chemically protective clothing. Chapter 6 is devoted to hazards relating to temperature extremes; it provides guidance on how to make these determinations and evaluate the potential for temperature related disorders or conditions. Chapter 7 provides guidance on medical surveillance procedures. The temperature extreme program, should, at a minimum address: • Identification of potential hazards early in the planning phase of the development and operation of required contingency plans. • Proper monitoring of worker physiology. • Implementation of preventive measures and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) early in the operations so that sound worker practices are developed and followed. • Proper initial training of workers to recognize the symptoms of temperature extreme related disorders or conditions in themselves and their fellow workers. • Implementation of a "buddy system", and • Proper acclimatization of all workers to new or changing work conditions. Additional information on temperature extremes can be found in Chapter 6. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-5 1.2.7. Medical Surveillance Medical Surveillance of workers at hazardous waste sites is necessary to protect the health of the worker, establish fitness for duty, and ensure documentation of exposure to hazardous materials. The elements of the medical surveillance program contained in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address:

• Employees covered by the program, • Frequency of medical exams/consultations, • Content of medical exams/consultations, • Information provided to the physician, • Physician's written opinion, and • Recordkeeping requirements. More specific information regarding medical surveillance is contained in Chapter 7. 1.2.8. Exposure Monitoring and Air Sampling The monitoring component of the site-specific HASP shall be based on all chemical, physical and radiological hazards identified in the site characterization. At a minimum, it shall address: • Sampling strategy and schedule for personal monitoring (breathing zone), air monitoring (level of protection) and environmental sampling (offsite migration), • Instrumentation and equipment to be used, • Calibration and maintenance of instruments and equipment, and • QA/QC procedures and analytical methods. More specific information on exposure monitoring and air sampling is contained in Chapter 8. 1.2.9. Site Control The site control program is used to control movement of people and equipment in order to minimize worker exposure to hazardous substances. The site control measures program contained in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, include: • Site map, • Site work zones, • Definition and use of the "buddy system", • Site communication procedures, including emergency procedures, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-6 • Safe work practices and/or SOPs, and • Location of nearest medical assistance. Additional information on site control is contained in Chapter 9. 1.2.10. Decontamination 29 CFR 1910.120(k) does not contain specific procedural development requirements in the area of decontamination. The working group has adopted the methodology presented in the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document titled "Standard Operating Safety Guide" (SOSG). The SOSG establishes the decontamination layout and required procedures based on the level of PPE used at the site. The decontamination elements contained in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, include: • Training; • Location and layout of decontamination stations and areas; • Decontamination methods; • Required decontamination equipment; • SOPs to minimize worker contact with contaminants during decontamination; • SOPs for decontamination line personnel; and • Procedures for collection, storage and disposal of clothing, equipment and any other materials that have not been completely decontaminated. Additional information on decontamination is contained in Chapter 10. 1.2.11. Emergency Response/Contingency Plan The site management must develop and implement an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in accordance with requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120(l), if the employees at an EM-40 site are expected to respond to emergencies at that site. The ERP to be included in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address: • Pre-emergency planning; • Personnel roles, responsibilities, and lines of communication; • Emergency recognition, preparedness drills, and follow-up procedures; • Safe distances and places of refuge; • Site security and control; • Evacuation routes and procedures; • Decontamination procedures that are not covered in the site-specific HASP; • Emergency medical treatment and first aid; • Emergency alerting and response procedures; DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-7 • Critique of response and prevention procedures; • PPE and emergency equipment; • Site topography and layout; • Incident reporting procedures; • List of local emergency response contacts; and • Potential worst case weather by season.

Additional information regarding the ERP is contained in Chapter 11. 1.2.12. Emergency Action Plan If employees are expected to evacuate the site and not participate in emergency response activities, the site must have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) in accordance with requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38(a). The EAP to be included in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address: • Emergency escape procedures and route assignments; • Procedures to be followed by personnel who stay behind to conduct critical operations before they evacuate; • Procedures to account for all employees after evacuation; • Rescue and medical duties for assigned personnel; • Names and phone numbers of personnel and organizations to be contacted for further information; • Description of the alarm procedures used to alert personnel of emergency and evacuation situations; • EAP training requirements and methods to evaluate employee knowledge of the plan, and • Procedures and frequency for rehearsal, review, and update of the plan. Additional information regarding the Emergency Action Plan is contained in Chapter 12. 1.2.13. Confined Space Entry The confined space entry procedures for the EM-40 HASP Guidelines are derived from 29 CFR 1910.146, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Recommendation Z117.1-1989, and applicable DOE orders. The confined space entry program portion of the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address: • Personnel duties and responsibilities; • Identification, posting and evaluation of confined spaces on site; • Hazard controls (engineering, administrative and PPE); DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-8 • Entry permit contents, requirements, and approval; • Entry procedures; • Lockout/tagout requirements and procedures; • Additional safeguards and emergency procedures; and • Training requirements. Additional information regarding confined space entry is contained in Chapter 13. 1.2.14. Spill Containment The spill containment program provides procedures to contain and isolate the entire volume of a hazardous substance spill and minimizes worker exposure to hazardous substance spills. The spill containment program to be included in the site-specific HASP shall, at a minimum, address: • Initial spill actions and response, • Spill cleanup procedures, • Organization of the response team, and • Post-incident review and evaluation. Additional information on spill containment is contained in Chapter 14. 1.3. REFERENCES 1. U.S. EPA 1984 Standard Operating Safety Guides. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division, Edison, N.J. November, 1984. 2. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 3. 29 CFR 1910.146, Permit Required Confined Spaces. 4. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Recommendation Z117.1-1989, Safety Requirements of Confined Spaces. 5. 29 CFR 1910.38, Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans. 6. Whitfield, P., EM-40 Hazardous Materials Training Program, memorandum of February 3, 1994. 7. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, October 1985 (Four-Agency Document). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-9 8. DOE Order 5480.1B, Environment, Safety, and Health Program for Department of Energy Operations. 9. DOE Order 5483.1A, Occupational Safety and Health Program for DOE Contractor Employees at Government-Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) Facilities. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 1-10

INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-1 2.0. KEY PERSONNEL 2.1. BACKGROUND This chapter provides guidance to assist in the preparation of the Key Personnel portion of the site-specific HASP. In this section, the HASP should: • Identify an individual who has the authority to direct all activities; • Identify the other personnel needed for the project and assign their general functions and responsibilities; • Show lines of authority, responsibility, and means of contact; and • Identify the interface with the response community. 2.2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE The HASP should specifically identify the names and organizational relationships among the DOE, contractor, and subcontractor key personnel, such as the Project Manager, Field Team Leader, and Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO). Designated alternates for the key personnel, responsibilities, lines of authority, methods of communication, and an organizational structure should be identified. If specific key job responsibilities listed in this chapter are not needed, or more than one function is to be performed by a person, those responsibilities should be addressed in the HASP. During the first stages of planning, an organizational structure that supports the overall objectives of the project should be developed. An explanation of the structure including the chain of command and overall responsibilities of supervisors and employees in carrying out the health and safety program should be included in the HASP. An organizational chart should be developed depicting the structure and identifying all key personnel and other onsite and offsite personnel (see Figure 2-1). The chart should be placed in a central location, and included in the HASP. At a minimum, the organizational chart should include the Project Manager, the SSHO, the Field Team Leader, the Command Post Supervisor, the Decontamination Station Officer(s), site security, and the specialty team. In addition, it is recommended that a list of DOE and contractor personnel and a list of offsite organizations (see Figure 2-2) to be contacted in the event of an emergency be included with the organizational chart. As the project progresses, it may be necessary to modify some organizational aspects, such as personnel responsibilities and authorities, so that individual tasks can be performed as efficiently and safely as possible. Any changes to the overall organizational structure should be recorded in the appropriate sections of the HASP that are developed for individual phases or tasks. These specific changes should be communicated to all parties involved. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 FIGURE 2-1 Example of a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) Organizational Structure 2-2 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-3 FIGURE 2-2 Emergency Contact Personnel Names and Phone Numbers Example Chart Organization Contact Telephone Ambulance: Local Police: Fire: State Police: Hospital (Primary) Hospital (Secondary) Poison Control Center: Regional EPA: EPA Emergency Response Team: 908-321-6660 State Authority: National Response Center: 800-424-8802 Center for Disease Control: 404-488-4100 Chemtrec: 800-424-9555 Site Emergency Operations Center: DOE Emergency Operations 202-896-8100 Center (National Center): DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-4 2.3. ONSITE ESSENTIAL PERSONNEL 2.3.1. Project Manager

The name and position of the individual who has the authority to direct all activities should be identified (i.e., Project Manager, Project Team Leader, or Site Supervisor). A designated alternate for this position should be identified by name. A general description including areas of responsibility (i.e., assumes total control over site activities, authority to direct response operations) should be provided for the Project Manager who should be considered an "onsite essential" person. The specific responsibilities of the Project Manager should be stated. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Management of the project; • Preparation of the work plan, preparation of the HASP, and designation of the field team; • Designation of an individual within each project to act as the confined space coordinator; • Identification of work-site confined spaces; • Designation of an individual to act as the medical program administrator; • Access permission for visitors, new hires, etc., and coordinates activities with appropriate officials; • Confirmation of each team member's suitability for work based on employees training and physician's recommendation; • Briefing field teams on their specific assignments; • Coordination with the SSHO on safety and health requirements; • Preparation of the final report and support files on the response activities; • Liaison with public officials; and • Maintenance of a daily site log. 2.3.2. Site Safety and Health Officer The Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) should be identified by name for each DOE, contractor, and subcontractor organization. A designated alternate for each SSHO should be identified by name. A DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should also be identified. A general description of duties, including lines of authority (i.e., stop work authority) should be provided. The SSHO should be an "onsite essential" person. The specific responsibilities of the SSHO should include, but are not limited to: • Managing the safety and health program for the site; • Periodically inspecting protective clothing and equipment; • Monitoring and evaluating HASP implementation; • Monitoring protective clothing and equipment to ensure that they are properly stored and maintained; • Monitoring entry and exit to the exclusion zone; DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-5 • Verifying each team member's suitability for work based on employee's training and physician's recommendation; • Monitoring the work parties for signs of stress, such as cold exposure, heat stress, and fatigue; • Advising medical personnel of potential exposures and consequences; • Participating in the preparation and implementation of the HASP; • Conducting periodic inspections to verify if the HASP is being properly implemented; • Verifying that the "buddy" system is being implemented; • Knowing emergency procedures, evacuation routes, and the telephone numbers of the ambulance, local hospital, poison control center, fire department, and police department; • Notifying local public emergency officials when necessary; and • Coordinating emergency medical care. 2.3.3. Safety and Health Personnel Names and responsibilities of other personnel that have safety and health duties should be listed. These should include, but are not limited to: • Construction safety experts, • Safety specialists/technicians, • Health physicists, and • Industrial Hygienists. 2.3.4. Field Team Leader

The individual who is responsible for field team operations and safety should be identified by name. In some cases, the Field Team Leader may also be the same person as the Project Manager and may be a member of the specialty team. A designated alternate for the should be identified by name. A DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should also be identified. A general description, including areas of responsibility (i.e., responsible for field team operations and safety) should be provided for the Field Team Leader, who should be considered an "onsite essential" person. The specific responsibilities of the Field Team Leader should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to: • Managing field operations; • Executing the work plan and schedule; • Enforcing safety procedures; • Coordinating with the SSHO in determining protection levels; • Enforcing site control; • Documenting field activities, including sample collection; and • Serving as liaison with public officials where there is no Public Affairs official designated. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-6 2.3.5. Command Post Supervisor The individual who is responsible for communications and emergency assistance should be identified by name. In some cases, the Command Post Supervisor may be the same person as the Field Team Leader. A designated alternate should be identified by name. A DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should also be identified. A general description, including areas of responsibility (i.e., responsible for communications and emergency assistance) should be provided for the Command Post Supervisor, who should be considered an "onsite essential" person. The specific responsibilities of the Command Post Supervisor should be stated. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Notifying emergency response personnel by telephone or radio in the event of an emergency; • Assisting the SSHO in rescue operations, if necessary; • Maintaining a log of communication and site activities; • Assisting other field team members in the clean areas, as needed; and • Maintaining line-of-sight and communication contact with the work parties via walkie- talkies, signal horns, or other means. 2.3.6. Emergency Response Coordinator The individual who has the authority to direct, control, and evaluate site emergency response/emergency activities should be identified. A designated alternate should be identified by name. A DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should be identified. The Emergency Response Coordinator should be considered an "on-site essential" person. A general description including areas of authority and responsibilities should be provided. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Developing, implementing, and updating the emergency response/emergency action plan; • Conducting rehearsals, employee training, evaluations of responses/actions; and • Assuring the evacuation, emergency treatment, emergency transport of site personnel and notifying emergency response units and the appropriate management staff. 2.3.7. Decontamination Station Officer

The individual who is responsible for decontamination procedures, equipment, and supplies should be identified by name. In some cases, the Decontamination Station Officer may be the same person as the Field Team Leader. A designated alternate should be identified by name. A DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should also be identified. A general description, including areas of responsibility (i.e., responsible for decontamination procedures, equipment, and supplies) should be provided for the Decontamination Station Officer, who should be considered an "onsite essential" person. The specific responsibilities of the Decontamination Station Officer should be stated. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to, the following: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-7 • Setting up decontamination lines and the decontamination solutions appropriate for the type of chemical contamination on site; • Controlling the decontamination of all equipment, personnel, and samples from the contaminated areas; • Assisting in the disposal of contaminated clothing and materials; • Ensuring all required equipment is available and in working order; and • Providing for collection, storage and disposal of waste. 2.3.8. Security Officer The individual who is responsible for managing site security should be identified by name. A designated alternate and DOE point of contact, if appropriate, should be identified by name. A general description, including areas of responsibility (i.e., maintains site security) should be provided for the Security Officer, who should be considered an "onsite essential" person. Specific responsibilities of the Security Officer should be stated. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Conducting routine area patrols, • Controlling facility access and egress, • Assisting with communication during an emergency, • Securing accident/incident scenes, and • Maintaining a log of site access and egress. 2.3.9. Specialty Teams Specialty Teams, consisting of field team members (e.g., to include rescue teams for retrieving personnel from dangerous situations, and sampling teams for obtaining samples of potentially hazardous materials) who complete the onsite tasks required to fulfill the work plan, should be identified. A general description, including areas of responsibility and stopwork authority (i.e., any or all of the field team may be in the Specialty Team and should consist of at least two people) should be provided. Specialty Team personnel should be considered "onsite essential" personnel. Specific responsibilities of the Specialty Teams should be stated. These responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Safely completing the onsite tasks required to fulfill the work plan, • Complying with HASP, and • Notifying the SSHO or supervisor of unsafe or potentially unsafe conditions. 2.4. OPTIONAL PERSONNEL (onsite or offsite as needed) DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-8 2.4.1. Industrial Hygienist The employee who is trained to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control environmental factors or stresses in the workplace, should be identified by name. A qualified and designated alternate for the Industrial Hygienist should be identified by name. Specific responsibilities of the Industrial Hygienist should be provided. The responsibilities should include, but are not limited to: • Conducting health hazard assessments, • Providing advice on adequate health protection, and • Conducting tests to determine worker exposures to hazardous substances.

2.4.2. Fire Fighters The means of contacting the Fire Department should be provided in the document, and this information should be conspicuously posted at locations throughout the site. Responsibilities of the fire department should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to: • Having Emergency Medical Technicians on response teams, • Responding to fires that occur on site, and • Standing by for response to potential fires and performing rescues. 2.4.3. Health Physicist The individual who is trained in radiation physics (effects, and protection) should be identified by name. A designated alternate for the Health Physicist should be identified by name. Specific responsibilities of the Health Physicist, such as evaluating radiation health hazards and recommending appropriate action, should be stated. 2.4.4. Scientific Advisor The advisor that guides the Project Manager in technical or scientific matters should be named. A general description should be provided for the Scientific Advisor (i.e, reports to the Project Manager, may be located on site or off site). The specific responsibilities of the Scientific Advisor should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to: • Providing advice for field monitoring, • Sample collection, and • Remedial plans. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-9 2.4.5. Logistics Officer The employee who oversees all logistics for the operation should be named. A general description should be provided for the Logistics Officer (i.e., reports to the Project Manger, may be located on site or off site). The specific responsibilities of the Logistics Officer should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to the planning and mobilization of the facilities, materials, and personnel required for the response. 2.4.6. Photographer The employee who is responsible for all site photography should be named. A general description should be provided for the Photographer (i.e., reports to the Project Manager, may be located on site or off site). The specific responsibilities of the Photographer should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to, providing photographs of site conditions and archiving photographs. 2.4.7. Recordkeeper The employee who oversees all recordkeeping for the operation should be named. A general description should be provided for the Recordkeeper (i.e, reports to the Project Manager, may be located on site or off site.) The specific responsibilities of the Recordkeeper should be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to, maintaining the official records of site activities. 2.4.8. Public Information Officer The employee who oversees the release of public information should be named. A general description should be provided for the Public Information Officer (i.e., reports to the Project Manager, may be located on site or off site.) The specific responsibilities of the Public Information Officer should be stated. 2.4.9. Multidisciplinary Advisors The list and general description of multidisciplinary advisors should be provided. This list includes representatives from upper level management and onsite management, field team members, and technical experts. Specific responsibilities should also be stated. These responsibilities include, but are not limited to, providing advice on the design of the work plan and the HASP. 2.4.10. Medical Support

The general description of the types of medical support personnel required should be provided, such as consulting physicians, medical personnel at local hospitals and clinics, and ambulance DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-10 personnel. The specific responsibilities of medical support personnel should be stated. These include: • Being familiar with the types of materials on site, the potential for worker exposures and recommending the medical program for the site; • Providing emergency treatment and decontamination procedures for the specific type of exposures that may occur at the site; and • Providing emergency treatment procedures appropriate to the onsite hazards. 2.4.11. Bomb Squad Expert The general description of this function should be provided (i.e., reports to the Project Manager when requested to perform site-related functions). The specific responsibilities of the Bomb Squad Expert should be stated (e.g., providing advice on methods of handling explosive materials and assisting in safely detonating or disposing of explosive materials). 2.5. COMMUNICATIONS The site-specific HASP should identify the location of and describe the use of all communication equipment that could be utilized in an emergency situation (e.g., telephones, radios, PA systems). The HASP should identify how key personnel and optional personnel can be contacted including work phone, home phone, radio, etc. Examples are provided in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. TABLE 2-1 Onsite Essential or Key Personnel Position Organization or Numbers Alternate or Numbers of Contact or Numbers Name and Radio Phone Radio Phone DOE Point Radio Phone Pager (H) & (W) Pager (H) & (W) Pager (H) & (W) DOE Project Manager Contractor Project Manager Safety & Health Officer Field Team Leader Command Post Supervisor Decon. Station Officer Emergency Response Coordinator Specialty Team Security Officer Other (as appropriate) DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-11 TABLE 2-2 Optional Personnel Position Name and Organization Phone Numbers Alternate Phone Numbers (H) & (W) (H) & (W) Multidisciplinary Advisor Medical Support Personnel Bomb Squad Expert Emergency Response Center Personnel Regulatory Specialist Medical Support Personnel Contractor S&H Staff Industrial Hygienist Fire Fighter Health Physicist Scientific Advisor Logistics Officer Photographer Recordkeeper Public Information Officer 2.6. OTHER SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE Procedures for contacting the Emergency Response Center should be established and identified. A general description for contacting the communications personnel other than the Emergency Response Center, such as Civil Defense organizations, local radio and television stations, and local emergency service networks, should also be provided. A protocol for contacting the organizations stated above should be established and stated. The specific responsibilities of the Emergency Response Center include providing communication with the public in the event of an emergency and providing communication links for mutual aid. Other organizations such as Chemtrec, EPA, and the NRC may provide additional assistance and should be identified. An overview of the services and information available from these organizations should be provided. Services that may be available include providing advice on properties of materials, contaminant control materials, dangers of chemical mixtures that may DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 2-12

result from site activities, and providing immediate advice to those at the scene of a chemical or radiological emergency. 2.7. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 2. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four-Agency Document). 3. EPA 9285.8-01, Health and Safety Plan (HASP) User's Guide, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992 (and ERT Health and Safety Plan Planner, Ver. 3.0C, 1993). 4. EPA/540/G-89/010, Health and Safety Audit Guidelines, SARA Title I, Section 126, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1989. 5. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03, Standard Operating Safety Guides, Chapter 8, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-1 3.0. HAZARD ASSESSMENT 3.1. BACKGROUND The overall objectives of the Hazard Assessment chapter are to provide guidance on: • The development of site-specific procedures designed to effectively identify, assess, and control site hazards; • The identification of all onsite operations, jobs and related tasks that are hazardous due to their inherent characteristics; • The development of a system for assessing the safety and health hazards identified at the site; • The identification and use of engineering and administrative controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to minimize worker exposure to site hazards; and • The establishment of site-specific hazard control evaluation activities. Hazards at EM-40 sites pose a multitude of safety and health concerns. The hazards are a function of the nature of the site and the work being performed. Examples of such hazards include, but are not limited to: • Chemical exposure (irritation, organ/tissue damage, and central nervous system depression); • Radioactive exposure (tissue damage or cancer); • Safety/Construction hazards (fire and explosion, excavating/trenching, electrical hazards, and slip/trip/fall); • Machinery (rotating, crushing, digging and drilling); • Transportation (accidents, spills); • Biological hazards (poisonous plants, animals, snakes, insects, and pathogens); • Physical hazards (noise, eyes, feet, head, oxygen deficiency, temperature extreme stress- heat stress/cold exposure); • Weather (ice/mud/flooding, high winds, tornados, hurricanes, electrical storms); • Confined spaces (oxygen deficiencies, chemical exposure hazards); • Ergonomic/Repetitive motion (back injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome); • Asbestos (asbestosis, mesothelioma); • Material handling (storage, housekeeping). Due to the nature of a hazardous waste site, these hazards may be severe, and may occur in a large variety of forms and locations. Their recognition and evaluation is necessary for planning and managing operations at a site. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-2 Hazard assessment, the process of identifying and evaluating the hazards associated with operational activities, can be divided into four broad, interacting categories or elements: • Selection of the operation or job to be assessed, • Breakdown of the operation or job into constituent tasks, • Identification of hazards associated with each task, and • Determination of the necessary hazard controls.

To effectively manage hazardous activities and substances, and to assure worker safety and health, site personnel should understand the processes to be used to develop each of these elements. As new hazards in the workplace are identified and assessed, hazard controls should be implemented, and as improved hazard abatement methodologies and hazard controls are identified, as appropriate, they should be implemented. Once the hazard assessment is completed, all significant identified hazards should be controlled as quickly as reasonably feasible. 3.2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Management (DOE and contractor) should provide for the identification of and have an understanding of the occupational safety and health hazards associated with their programs. This will enable them to make effective and efficient decisions related to facilities, processes, procedures, and the allocation of resources to protect the safety and health of workers. The hazard identification section should contain the process(es) to be used to identify all actual and potential hazards which exist at the site. The comprehensive workplan, as required by 29 CFR 1910.120(b), and site characterization should be used as a basis for the identification. Determining present safety and health hazards is important (critical) to the overall evaluation of remedial action sites. Therefore, each hazard associated with activities to be conducted at these sites should be identified to ascertain the physical, safety, construction, chemical, radiological, and other properties which may result in causing harm. These inherent properties establish the anticipated problems associated with the activity. Evaluation and identification of hazards should take place: • Initially, during the site characterization; • Immediately after initial site entry. The assessment should be a more detailed "real time" evaluation and used to further define existing site hazards and aid in the selection of appropriate engineering and administrative controls and PPE; • Prior to changes in jobs, tasks, and/or processes; • As required by changing site conditions; and • Continually, as appropriate. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-3 Additionally, DOE and contractors should conduct routine compliance inspections of their worksites and subcontractor worksites to identify new or previously overlooked OSH hazards or failures to control known hazards. 3.2.1. Hazards List A list of hazards should be developed which describes: • Safety hazards associated with the site's operations (e.g., equipment, processes); • Hazardous substances, radiological hazards, and other health hazards, involved or expected at the site; and • Anticipated exposure levels for each job/task. This list, which uses the information contained in the site characterization and comprehensive workplan, should identify everything that has the potential for causing injury or illness to workers. 3.2.1.1. Operations The hazards list should contain a description of operations, including items such as: • Type of equipment, • Activities conducted near hazards, and • Type and nature of material. The intent is not to fully describe systems operations nor to provide an operating manual but to give an overview in relation to hazards, operational events that may "trigger" them, and the controls that may be needed. Adequate details necessary for later identification of hazards, as well as the reasonableness of controls, should be presented.

Part of the description of the site's operations may involve determining where these operations are located or performed. Site location may have a strong bearing on the possible impacts a hazard may have, events that might lead to the actual realization of impacts, or the nature of controls that may be implemented. 3.2.1.2. Hazardous substances, radiological hazards, and other health hazards All suspected hazardous substances that may cause injury/illness or that are Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), or other health hazards that may cause death or serious harm, should be identified and included in the hazards list. To help identify hazardous materials which should be considered, the following criteria may be used: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-4 • Quantity of the hazardous material; • Type, nature, and form of the hazardous materials (e.g., radioactive, toxicological, chemical, liquid, or solid); • Location of the material; • Conditions under which the material is processed, handled, or stored (e.g. temperature, pressure, handling systems); and • Specific hazards associated with the material. 3.2.1.3. Job/Task Each job and related task should be analyzed to determine the hazards that may be present. For example: Trenching (job) may require the operation of machinery (task). In addition to the obvious hazards associated with trenching (e.g., cave-ins), the hazards associated with operation of the machinery should be assessed. The information obtained from the assessment of site operations and the identification of hazardous substances should be considered when analyzing the various tasks at the site. Jobs and their related tasks should form the basis for documenting the information obtained during the hazard assessment (see section 3.5). 3.3. EXAMPLES OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT METHODS Many techniques are available in the literature for performing hazard assessments. A list of several methods that can be used for the assessment of identified hazards and subsequent assignment of risk significance are contained in Appendix E. 3.4. HAZARD CONTROL The most efficient way to protect workers from workplace hazards is to first remove obvious hazards that can be eliminated without significant effort. Within the scope of clean-up activities, this can sometimes be difficult, since the objective of these activities is the actual removal of hazards. Hazards should be controlled by the following hierarchy of methods: • Engineering controls; • Work practices and administrative controls, except where prohibited by standards, orders or regulations; and • PPE. Often, physical hazards discovered through preliminary evaluations and site/facility walkthroughs can be eliminated without significant effort or cost. These hazards should be removed to the extent possible before actual work at the site begins. Examples of ways to eliminate physical hazards associated with the site include: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-5 • Removing of unnecessary debris; • Guarding exposed electrical wiring, or sharp or protruding objects; • Securing objects near elevated surfaces and combustible materials; and • Eliminating slippery surfaces, dangerous flooring, and uneven terrain. Hazards that cannot be readily eliminated should be properly controlled through engineering and/or administrative means. The primary objective of these controls is to reduce worker exposure to safe levels, thereby avoiding the need for PPE. 3.4.1. Engineering Controls

Hazards subject to engineering controls generally include those which present a high potential for illness or injury to workers. These hazards present levels of concern in the following areas: • Frequency of hazard (i.e., how often such a hazard is likely to occur at the work site); • Effect of hazard (i.e., whether exposure to such a hazard would result in an injury or illness); • Extent of injury or illness resulting from the hazard; and • Range of effect of the hazard. Engineering controls, such as radiation shielding, are intended to address major hazards and are the preferred control method. These controls consist primarily of systems which are necessary to reduce worker exposure and prevent propagation of contaminants to "clean" areas. Other examples of engineered controls include process enclosures maintained at negative pressure with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA)-filtered ventilation and surface water drainage systems. Protection of the public though engineered controls should also take into consideration the safety and health of workers. For example, when designing or selecting systems for mitigating dispersal of contaminants to outside areas, attention should also be given to effects on workers within the contaminated zone. Area enclosures can concentrate airborne contaminants if not properly ventilated. 3.4.2. Administrative Controls The purpose of administrative controls is to encourage safe work practices. This is first accomplished by controlling the movement of personnel within hazardous areas. Establishment and demarkation of exclusion areas and physical access controls will prevent workers from unnecessarily entering hazardous areas. These controls should also include operating procedures and training programs which address safety precautions to be followed by workers when working in hazardous areas. Workers should be certified for the particular equipment they are operating. It should be noted that some standards prohibit the use of administrative controls as a means for controlling a hazard. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-6 3.4.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE is a common method used in hazard control. Therefore, an entire chapter has been devoted to this topic. Please refer to Chapter 5 for further guidance on this subject. 3.5. HAZARD ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTATION FORMAT The information obtained during the Hazard Assessment should be documented in a manner that readily identifies: the hazards associated with the task, and the controls required to safely carry out the task. Table 3-1 provides a sample format for documenting the findings of a hazard assessment. In the sample, the job has been broken down into the various tasks (e.g., set up equipment, install ladder in tank) required to complete the job. Each hazard associated with a given task has been identified, and the required control measures are specified. TABLE 3-1 Sample Hazard Assessment: Cleaning the Inside Surface of a Chemical/Radioactive Contaminated Tank – Top Manhole Entry Step Hazard Controls 1. Select and train Operator respiratory or heart problems; other Examination by industrial physician for suitability to work. operators. physical limitation. Untrained operator; failure to perform task. Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Doc. #80-406) Train operators. Dry run. (Reference: National Institute for 2. Empty Tank Gas or liquid in tank. Approved written operating procedures. Improper valve line-up. Empty tank through existing piping.

3. Assess conditions: Explosive gas. Obtain work permit signed by safety and maintenance supervisors. determine what is in the tank, what process is Improper oxygen level. Test air by qualified person. going on in the tank, and what hazards these pose. Chemical exposure. Ventilate to 19.5% - 23.5% oxygen and less than 10% LEL of any Gas, dust, vapor: then ventilating, as previously described, may be required. irritant toxic Provide appropriate respiratory equipment - SCBA or air line Liquid: respirator. irritant toxic Provide protective clothing for head, eyes, body and feet. corrosive Solid: Provide parachute harness and lifeline. (Reference: OSHA irritant standards 1910.106, 1926.100, 1926.21(b)(6); NIOSH Doc. #80- corrosive 406) Radiological exposure, ingestion, contact. Tanks should be cleaned from outside if possible. NOTE: This column should contain specific Provide PPE as stated in RADCON Manual. information about the material to be encountered, i.e., chemical/radioactive material ALARA name, quantity, anticipated length of exposure, etc. flammable gas. Steaming inside of tank, flushing and draining, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 3-1 Sample Hazard Assessment: Cleaning the Inside Surface of a Chemical/Radioactive Contaminated Tank – Top Manhole Entry Step Hazard Controls 3-7 4. Stage equipment. Slips/trips/falls. Provide ladders, harness, railings. (OSHA CFR 1910) Heavy equipment operations. Trained equipment operators. 5. Set up equipment. Electrical hazards, motors not locked out and Arrange hoses, cords, lines and equipment in orderly fashion, with tagged. room to maneuver safely. Heavy equipment operations. Use ground-fault circuit interrupter. Trip or fall. Have lockout and tag procedures. Install blanks in flanges in piping to tank. (Isolate tank.) Follow hoisting and rigging requirements. Use mechanical-handling equipment. Provide guardrails around work positions at tank top. Provide lighting for tank (Class 1, Div. 1). 6. Prepare to enter tank. Gas or liquid in tank. Review emergency procedures. Training. Open tank. Contamination control. Perform a check of job site by industrial hygienist or safety professional. Test atmosphere in tank by qualified person (long probe). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 3-1 Sample Hazard Assessment: Cleaning the Inside Surface of a Chemical/Radioactive Contaminated Tank – Top Manhole Entry Step Hazard Controls 3-8 7. Enter tank. Gas or liquid in tank. Provide personal protective equipment for conditions found. Explosive gas. CFR 1910.134) Improper oxygen level. Provide outside helper to watch, instruct and guide operator Chemical exposure. emergency. Gas, dust, vapor: irritant toxic Liquid: irritant toxic corrosive Solid: irritant corrosive Radiological exposure,ingestion, contact. Exposure to hazardous atmosphere. Tripping hazard. NOTE: This column should contain specific information about the material to be encountered (e.g., chemical/radioactive material name, quantity, anticipated length of exposure). (Reference: RADCON Manual, NIOSH Doc. #80-406; OSHA entering tank, with capability to lift operator from tank in 8. Clean tank. Chemical/radiological exposure internal and Provide protective clothing and equipment for all operators and external. helpers. Heat Stress. Provide exhaust ventilation (contamination control). Failure of life support. Provide air supply to interior of tank. Exhaustion. Continuous monitoring of air in tank for radioactivity and oxygen

Reaction of chemicals/radioactive material, causing mist or expulsion of air contaminant. Replace operator or provide rest periods. concentration. Provide means of communication to get help, if needed. Provide two-man standby for any emergency. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 3-1 Sample Hazard Assessment: Cleaning the Inside Surface of a Chemical/Radioactive Contaminated Tank – Top Manhole Entry Step Hazard Controls 3-9 9. Cleanup/ Handling of equipment, causing injury. Dry run. Decontamination. Spread of Contamination. Follow Decon procedures in RADCON Manual. Use material-handling equipment. 3.6. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards. 2. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. 3. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, Latest Edition. 4. DOE Order 5480.1B, Environment, Safety, and Health Program for Department of Energy Operations. 5. DOE Order 5480.4, Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Standards. 6. DOE Order 5480.9, Construction Safety and Health Program. 7. DOE Order 5481.1, Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Information Reporting Requirements. 8. NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, NIOSH Publication #90-117, 1985. 9. OSHA Chemical Information Manual, ACGIH Publication #0881, 1988. 10. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, October 1985 (Four-Agency Document). 11. DOE Order 5480.19, Conduct of Operations. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 3-10 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 4-1 4.0. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 4.1. BACKGROUND The Training Requirements portion of the HASP should cover OSHA training regulations and training requirements in applicable DOE Orders for personnel working, auditing, touring, and visiting DOE hazardous waste sites under the cognizance of EM-40. Activities addressed under these requirements include: • Environmental Restoration (ER) activities regulated under RCRA corrective action authority and/or CERCLA; • Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) activities regulated under RCRA; and • Hazardous substance release response activities under Section 303 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. 11003). Applicable DOE Orders and OSHA regulations should be consulted to ensure full compliance with all training requirements. However, in some cases, training beyond the requirements of OSHA is required for certain EM-40 employees and contractor employees (see Appendix D). The Training chapter has two main objectives. One is to provide the minimum training requirements (in compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120, DOE Orders, and applicable federal, state, and local codes and standards) for personnel engaged in the activities listed above. The second is to recommend personnel not to participate in field activities until appropriately trained. 4.2. GENERAL

DOE Order 5480.4 Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Standards, and 5483.1A Occupational Safety and Health Program for DOE Contractor Employees at Government-Owned Contractor-Operated Facilities, require both DOE employees and contractors at DOE-owned contractor-operated facilities to comply with OSHA standards established in 29 CFR 1910.120. The 29 CFR 1910.120 standards provide regulations to ensure the safety of employees involved in hazardous waste operations. Subsections (e) and (p) of 29 CFR 1910.120 specify training requirements for all employees who may be exposed to safety or health hazards at ER sites and RCRA TSD sites respectively. Subsection (q) specifies training requirements for employees who participate in emergency responses to hazardous substance releases. This chapter provides the specific training required for EM-40 employees and contractor employees involved in these types of operations. EM-40 has adopted, and in some cases exceeded, OSHA training standards for its employees and contractor employees. All general employees working at ER sites, RCRA TSD sites, and those responding to hazardous substance releases should receive a minimum of 40 hours of initial safety and health training and further should receive a minimum of three days (24 hours) of DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 4-2 appropriately-supervised field (hands-on) experience. EM-40 employees and contractors at the Headquarters, Field Program, Project Manager, and Supervisor levels are also required to have 40 hours of training. Site supervisors and managers involved in or associated with site-related activities are required to have the same training and certifications as hazardous waste workers. In addition, site management personnel are required to have 8 hours of supervisory training. Training requirements for Visitors/Non-Workers who may require access to ER sites and RCRA TSD sites are also addressed in this chapter and in Appendix C. OSHA does not currently certify or accredit training programs. However, a January 26, 1990, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking addresses accreditation of 29 CFR 1910.120 training programs for employees covered by 29 CFR 1910.120. It does not address accreditation of training programs for employees engaged in emergency response activities. Until this proposed regulation becomes a final rule, employers should assess the adequacy of training programs based on training criteria addressed in 29 CFR 1910.120(e)(2). Training documentation should be maintained in accordance with DOE Order 5480.20 and DOE Order 1324.2A and applicable OSHA Standards. 4.3. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL AT ER SITES Training requirements for DOE employees and contractor employees are summarized in Table 4- 1. Personnel should be prohibited from participating in field activities until appropriately trained. The terms "installation," "facility," and "site" are defined in the Glossary, (Appendix A), and graphically depicted in Figure 4-1. Some facilities may contain a number of individual sites which, in turn, can be linked through a facility-wide integrator site. 4.4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL AT RCRA TSD SITES The training requirements for personnel at RCRA TSD sites are summarized in Table 4-2. Personnel should be prohibited from participating in RCRA TSD sites activities until appropriate training has been received. 4.5. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL CONDUCTING EMERGENCY RESPONSES TO HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RELEASES

Table 4-3 summarizes the minimum training requirements for personnel conducting emergency responses to hazardous substance releases. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 FIGURE 4-1 EM-40 Definitions and Graphic Depictions of Installation, Facility, and Site INSTALLATION: Any DOE Property (i.e., “inside the fence.”) EM-40 FACILITY: Any DOE installation or portion of an installation operated, funded or otherwise controlled by EM-40. SITE: An area where physical work is being performed, including TSD Operations, where the potential of exposure to contaminants exists, which requires the use of chemical protective clothing and/or radiological protective clothing and/or respirators. 4-3 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 4-1 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged at EM-40 Sites 4 - 4 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 4.1 (Cont.) Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged at EM-40 Sites 4-5 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 4-2 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged at RCRA TSD Sites 1 This training is required for all EM-40 employees and EM-40 contractors (See Appendix D ) 2 This training is required for all visitors/non-workers who enter the TSD site where Levels A, B, or C PPE is required This training is not required for visitors/non-workers who only enter the TSD site where either Level D or no PPE IS required. (See Appendlx D.) 3 The supervisor training iS required for these Individuals only if they act in a supervisory capacity or are the designated alternate for a supervisory position. 4-6 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 TABLE 4-3 Minimum Training Requirements for Personnel Engaged in EM-40 Emergency Responses at Hazardous Substance Releases 1 2 This training requirement, which exceeds the OSHA requirements at all levels, must be met by all EM-40 employees and contractor employees engaged in emergency responses to hazardous substance releases. EM-40 employees or contractors classified as First Responders at the Awareness Level will have 24 hours of HAZWOPER training. First Responders at the Awareness Level take no action beyond notifying appropriate authorities of the release. (See Appendix D.) 4 - 7 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 4-8 4.6. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 2. 29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication. 3. 40 CFR 264.16, Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities - Personnel Training. 4. 40 CFR 265.16, Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities - Personnel Training. 5. 40 CFR 300.150, National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan - Worker Health and Safety. 6. 55 FR 2776, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Accreditation of Training Programs for Hazardous Waste Operations (29 CFR 1910.121), January 26, 1990. 7. DOE Order 3790.1B, Federal Employees Occupational Safety and Health Program. 8. DOE Order 5000.3B, Occurrence Reporting and Processing of Operations Information. 9. DOE Order 1324.2A, Records Disposition. 10. DOE Order 5480.4, Environmental Protection Safety, and Health Protection Standards. 11. DOE 5480.20, Personnel Selection, Qualifications, Training, and Staffing Requirements at DOE Reactor and Non-Reactor Nuclear Facilities, February 20, 1991. 12. DOE Order 5480.11, Radiation Protection for Occupational Workers. 13. DOE Order 5483.1A, Occupational Safety and Health Program for DOE Contractor Employees at Government-Owned Contractor-Operated Facilities.

14. DOE EH-0227P, OSHA Training Requirements for Hazardous Waste Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health, USDOE, 1991. 15. DOE EH-0256T, USDOE Radiological Control Manual, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health, USDOE, 1992. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 4-9 16. DOE Memorandum from EH-40 to Under Secretary dated January 5, 1993, Implementation of Section 3131 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Public Law 102-190, (discusses the NIEHS hazardous materials training program). 17. DOE Memorandum from EM-40 to distribution dated February 3, 1994, Hazardous Materials Training Program. 18. DOE Memorandum from EM-40 to EM-42, EM-43, EM-44, and EM-45 dated June 10, 1993, Hazardous Materials Training Program. 19. DOE Memorandum from EM-40 to Distribution dated August 30, 1993, Hazardous Materials Training Program. 20. EPA/540/G-89/010, Health and Safety Audit Guidelines, SARA Title I, Section 126, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1989. 21. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03, Standard Operating Safety Guides, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992. 22. NIEHS Memorandum addressing DOE adoption of OSHA standards for training EM-40 employees and EM-40 contractor employees and supervisors, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 12, 1993. 23. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four-Agency Document). 24. OSHA 2254 (Revised), Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines, OSHA, 1992. 25. Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), Section 126, (Pub.L. 99- 499). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 4-10 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-1 5.0. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 5.1. BACKGROUND The purpose of personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological hazards that may be encountered at a hazardous waste site when engineering and other controls are not feasible or cannot provide adequate protection. Careful selection and use of adequate PPE should protect the health of EM-40 employees. No single combination of PPE is capable of protecting against all hazards. Therefore, PPE should be used in conjunction with, not in place of, other protective methods, such as engineering controls and safe work practices. A written PPE program, as required by 29 CFR 1910.120(g)(5) should be in place at all EM-40 hazardous waste sites. The effectiveness of the PPE program should be evaluated regularly. The use of PPE can itself create significant worker hazards, such as heat stress, physical and psychological stress, impaired vision, reduced mobility, and distorted communication. In general, the higher the level of PPE protection, the greater are the risks associated with use of PPE. For any given situation, PPE should be selected to provide an adequate level of protection. Over-protection as well as under-protection can be hazardous and should be avoided. The overall objectives of this chapter are: • To describe the PPE program that will provide EM-40 hazardous waste site workers with protection from chemical, physical, biological and radiological hazards; • To comply with applicable DOE and regulatory requirements; and • To establish the selection, use, upgrade/downgrade, and training requirements for the PPE

program. 5.2. GENERAL PROVISIONS Personal protective equipment should be utilized when: • It is not possible and/or feasible to implement engineering controls and work practices that will ensure the safety and health of workers; • It is necessary to reduce and maintain employee exposure to below the permissible exposure limits (PELs) in 29 CFR 1910, Subparts G and Z, and/or below the threshold limit values (TLVs) established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH); or in the absence of PELs or TLVs, below the recommended exposure limits published in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publication, NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Health Standards dated 1992; DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-2 • Handling radiological materials with removable contamination in excess of levels established in the DOE Radiological Control Manual, or manuals implementing these requirements, or when working in radiologically controlled areas in which PPE requirements have been established; or • Existing or potential physical and/or biological hazards pose a threat to worker safety and health. Required PPE should be discussed with site workers prior to the start of work. Employees should be trained and have passed a baseline medical examination for the use of prescribed PPE. The HASP should implement a written PPE program containing operating procedures that comply with the applicable requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120, DOE 5480.4, and the DOE Radiological Control Manual. If such a written PPE program consistent with those requirements is not already in place, written procedures and requirements for the use of PPE should be included in the HASP. 5.3. SELECTION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) Selection of PPE, based on requirements of 29 CFR 1910 and applicable DOE Orders, is key to protecting the safety and health of site personnel. This should be done by qualified and knowledgeable professionals to insure that selected PPE protects workers from site-specific hazards posed by their task and work zone. The use, maintenance and disposal of radiological PPE is governed by the DOE Radiological Control Manual. Selection of the most appropriate level of protection and combinations of respiratory protection and protective clothing will depend on: • Level of knowledge of onsite chemical and radiological hazards; • Properties such as toxicity, radioactivity, route of exposure, and matrix of the contaminants known or suspected of being present; • Type and measured concentrations of the contaminants that are known or suspected of being present; • Potential for exposure to contaminants in air, liquids, soils, or by direct contact with hazardous materials; • Physical hazards; • Climatic conditions; and • Biological hazards. Based on the evaluation of potential hazards that will vary with individual field activities, PPE should be selected for specific tasks and work areas (e.g., Exclusion Zone, Contamination Reduction Zone). The specific PPE required for each work area and/or task should be DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-3 determined and listed by a qualified (preferably certified) industrial hygienist in consultation with a qualified (preferably certified) health physicist.

The industrial hygienist, in coordination with the health physicist, should provide a listing of the chemicals/radioactive materials and corresponding types and/or characteristics of protective clothing (e.g., material or brand name). This list should be referred to when hazardous materials may be encountered to determine appropriate chemical/radiological resistant PPE. The industrial hygienist should specify the type of cartridges to be used and the frequency with which the cartridges should be changed, along with information on any limitations or restrictions for use, when air-purifying respirators are determined to be appropriate. Personal protective equipment is divided into two broad categories; respiratory protective equipment and personal protective clothing. Both of these categories are incorporated into the four levels of protection (Levels A, B, C, and D), based on the potential severity of the hazard. The following sections provide detail and explanation of those categories. Modifications to these levels should be made under the direction of the Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) in consultation with a qualified industrial hygienist and/or health physicist. Such modifications are routinely employed during site work activity to maximize efficiency and to meet site-specific needs without compromising worker safety and health. The SSHO and Project Manager should make the final determination on the appropriate level of PPE. Respiratory protective gear and protective clothing should compliment one another. Section 5.5.1. provides guidelines for determining appropriate PPE. 5.4. LEVELS OF PPE The specific levels of PPE and necessary components for each level have been divided into four categories according to the degree of protection afforded. General guidelines for use are: Level A: Worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed. Level B: Worn when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin protection is needed. Level C: Worn when the criteria for using air-purifying respirators are met, and a lesser level of skin protection is needed. Level D: Refers to work conducted without respiratory protection. This level should be used only when the atmosphere contains no known or suspected airborne chemical or radiological contaminants and oxygen concentrations are between 19.5%, and 23%. The following section describes the elements of the basic levels of protective equipment. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-4 5.4.1. Level A PPE 5.4.1.1. Respiratory Protection Level A respiratory protection is positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure supplied air respirator (with escape bottle for immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) or potential IDLH atmosphere). 5.4.1.2. Protective Clothing Protective clothing provides maximum skin protection. It is used when the potential exists for splash or immersion by chemicals and/or radiologically contaminated liquids, or for exposure to vapors, fumes, gases, or particulates that are harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin. This class of protection is acceptable for radiological work activities categorized as "High" involving pressurized or large volume liquids, or closed system breach (see DOE Radiological Control Manual). Level A protective clothing includes:

• Totally encapsulating non-permeable, chemical-resistant suit; • Coveralls inner suit; • Modest clothing under coveralls (e.g., shorts and T-shirt/long underwear); • Disposable gloves and boot covers (worn over fully encapsulating suit); • Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank (depending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot); • Hard hat (under suit); and • Hearing protection (as needed). 5.4.1.3. Other Protective Apparatus Other protective apparatus which may be used includes: • Cooling unit/system, • 2-way radio communications, • Cold weather gear/clothing, and • Protection from biological hazards/pests. 5.4.2. Level B PPE 5.4.2.1. Respiratory Protection Level B respiratory protection is positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator (with escape bottle for immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) or potential IDLH atmosphere). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-5 5.4.2.2. Protective Clothing Level B protective clothing provides a high level of skin protection. It is used when the potential exists for contact with chemicals and/or radiologically contaminated liquids that could saturate/penetrate cloth coveralls (e.g., immersion or inundation of contaminants). Also, potential vapors, fumes, gases, or dusts containing levels of chemicals harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin are not anticipated. This class of protection is acceptable for radiological work activities categorized as "High" involving pressurized or large volume liquids, or closed system breach (see DOE Radiological Control Manual). Level B protective clothing includes: • Hooded one-piece non-permeable, chemical resistant outer suit; • Coveralls inner suit(s); • Modest clothing under coveralls (e.g., shorts and T-shirt/long underwear); • Outer chemical resistant work gloves (rated for contaminants) taped to outer suit; • Inner gloves of light weight PVC or latex rubber taped to inner suit (cotton liners optional); • Chemical resistant steel-toe boots taped to inner suit; • Disposable outer boot covers (booties) taped to outer suit; • Hard hat (as needed); and • Hearing protection (as needed). 5.4.2.3. Other Protective Apparatus Other protective apparatus which may be used includes: • Cooling unit/system, • Cold weather gear/clothing, and • Protection from biological hazards/pests. 5.4.3. Level C PPE 5.4.3.1. Respiratory Protection Level C respiratory protection includes an air-purifying respirator, full-face or half-mask, cartridge- or canister-equipped (MSHA/NIOSH approved). 5.4.3.2. Protective Clothing Level C protective clothing provides a moderate level of skin protection. It is used when the potential exists for contact with chemicals and/or radiologically contaminated materials, but when protection from liquids (chemical and/or radioactive) is not required. It is used when potential vapors, fumes, gases, or dusts are not suspected of containing levels of chemicals DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-6 harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin. This class of protective clothing is appropriate for most routine radiological work activities (see DOE Radiological Control Manual). Level C protective clothing includes:

• Coveralls (Radiological Control Manual), • Modest clothing under coveralls (e.g., shorts and T-shirt/long underwear), • Rubber/chemical resistant outer gloves rated for contaminant, • Inner gloves of light weight PVC or latex rubber, • Safety glasses or safety goggles (not required with full face respirator), • Face-shield if splash hazard exists (not required with full face respirator), • Steel-toe rubber boots, • Outer disposable booties, • Hood may be required for radiological work. (See DOE Radiological Control Manual), • Hard hat (as needed), and • Hearing protection (as needed). 5.4.3.3. Other Protective Apparatus Other Level C protective apparatus which may be used includes: • Cooling unit/system, • Cold weather gear/clothing, and • Protection from biological hazards/pests. 5.4.4. Level D PPE 5.4.4.1. Respiratory Protection There is no Level D PPE required for respiratory protection due to the nature of the hazard. 5.4.4.2. Protective Clothing Level D protective clothing provides a low level of skin protection. It is used when there is no potential for contact with hazardous levels of chemicals or radiological contamination. This level should not be worn in the Exclusion Zone or the Contamination Reduction Zone. Oversight personnel not in zoned areas, as well as site visitors, may be required to wear Level D modified PPE. Level D protective clothing includes: • Coveralls, • Modest clothing under coveralls, • Work gloves where appropriate, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-7 • PVC or latex rubber surgical/light weight gloves when sampling or handling any potentially contaminated surface or item, • Safety glasses or safety goggles, • Steel-toe rubber boots where wet decontamination methods are required or steel-toe leather boots and outer boot covers, and • Hard hat. 5.4.4.3. Other Protective Apparatus Other Level D protective apparatus which may be used include: • Cold weather gear/clothing, • Protection from biological-hazards/pests, and • Hearing protection. 5.5. USE OF PPE Written site operating procedures for the use of PPE should include: • Training; • Establishing work mission duration; • Personal use factors; • Fit testing; • Donning and doffing; • In-use monitoring of personnel/equipment; • Inspection before, during, and after use; • Storage and maintenance; • Upgrading/downgrading of PPE; and • Decontamination and disposal. These procedures should be referenced and/or included in the HASP. No changes to the specified levels of protection should be made without the approval of the SSHO and the Project Manager. A list of approval steps for upgrade/downgrade of PPE should be included that specifically include the SSHO and Project Manager as key to the approval process. 5.5.1. PPE Selection Process Sequential steps to facilitate the selection of PPE for hazardous waste site operations are: 1. Identify work area and job-specific hazard potential (e.g. chemical, radiological, physical, mechanical), DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-8 2. Determine type of exposure for the work areas and specific work activities, 3. Determine level of respiratory protection for the work areas and specific work activities (see Section 5.4), 3a. Select the respirator cartridge(s) for Level C, 4. Determine level of protective clothing for the work areas and specific work activities (see Section 5.4), 4a. Evaluate the chemical resistant characteristics needed for the potential exposures and select clothing with the appropriate protection factor,

5. Evaluate potential physical hazards associated with the work areas and specific work activities (e.g., walking/working surfaces, electrical installations/lines, noise exposure) and select PPE to mitigate identified hazards, 6. Consider climatic conditions and select PPE to accommodate the conditions (e.g., cooling units, insulated clothing/footwear), 7. Evaluate potential biological hazards (e.g., snakes, insects) and select PPE to mitigate identified hazards, and 8. Evaluate type and level of work (e.g. heavy, moderate, light) and select PPE for the work, 9. Evaluate PPE for both chemical and radiological hazards when mixed waste is involved. Table 5-1 presents the level of protection required for respiratory PPE, based on specific hazards. Table 5-2 presents the level of PPE based on specific hazards for selection of protective clothing. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-9 TABLE 5-1 Respiratory PPE Selection Hazard Level of Protection Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Gaseous A, B and/or Particulate. Radioactive and/or Chemical. Not Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. C Particulate. Radioactive and/or Chemical. High efficiency respirator cartridge. Not Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Gases C or Vapors. Radioactive and/or Chemical. Respirator cartridge rated for isotope or chemical concentration. Not Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Gaseous C and/or particulate. Radioactive and/or Chemical. Combination chemical and high efficiency respirator cartridge. TABLE 5-2 Clothing PPE Selection Hazard Level of Protection Potential for skin contact with substances with a high degree of hazard to the A skin. High potential for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, fumes or dusts that are harmful to, or readily absorbed by the skin. High levels of radiological contamination.* Potential for contact with wet, contaminated surfaces/material that can saturate B cloth. Vapors or gases do not contain a high level of chemicals harmful to, or readily absorbed by, the skin. Moderate levels radiological contamination.* Atmospheric contaminants, liquid splashes or other direct contact will not C adversely affect, or be absorbed by exposed skin. Low levels of radiological contamination.* No anticipated immersion, splashes, or potential for unexpected contact with D hazardous levels of any chemicals or radiological contamination. * Protective clothing for high, moderate and low radiological contamination roughly corresponds to Levels A, B, C, and D PPE. However, this may be modified by level of activity and isotope. The appropriate selection should be made using the DOE Radiological Control Manual. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 5-10 5.6. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910, Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control. 2. 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. 3. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 4. 29 CFR 1910.132, Eye and Face Protection. 5. 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection. 6. 29 CFR 1910.135, Occupational Head Protection. 7. 29 CFR 1910.136, Occupational Foot Protection. 8. 29 CFR 1910.137, Electrical Protective Devices. 9. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical and Physical Agents and Biological Indices, Current edition. 10. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z 41.1, Safety Toe Footwear, Current edition. 11. ANSI Z 87.1, Eye and Face Protection, Current edition.

12. ANSI Z 88.2, Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection, Current edition. 13. ANSI Z 88.6, Physical Qualifications for Respirator Use, Current edition. 14. ANSI Z 89.1, Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection, Current edition. 15. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Recommendations for Occupational Health Standards, 1986. 16. DOE Radiological Control Manual. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-1 6.0. TEMPERATURE EXTREME DISORDERS OR CONDITIONS 6.1. BACKGROUND The primary objective of this section on Temperature Extreme Disorders or Conditions is to provide the guidance necessary for protection of contractors/employees from the occurrence of temperature extreme related disorders or conditions. Other objectives are to: • Provide a description of the overall temperature extreme related disorders or conditions program, • Integrate the program with other elements of the HASP, and • Provide guidance on the proper training levels necessary for operational workers and supervisors. The added burden of PPE required for hazardous waste operations in a temperature extreme condition increases the potential for worker disorders or conditions that can result in injury or illness. Disorders or conditions associated with work conducted in temperature extreme conditions can be controlled through proper planning and effective monitoring of personnel. Factors that could affect a worker's ability to function in extreme temperatures include, but are not limited to: • Physical fitness, • Acclimatization, • Age, • Obesity, • Alcohol consumption, • Drug use, • Infections, and • Disease. An effective temperature extreme program is a requirement and should be integrated with other elements of the HASP. Pre-existing health conditions of workers, for example, can be identified in the medical surveillance program (see Chapter 7). It is necessary to be aware of the potential occurrence of heat or cold related disorders or conditions in confined space entry or emergency response operations. A temperature extreme disorders prevention program should be developed and included in the site-specific HASP. The following elements should be addressed in the program: • Identification of potential hazards early in the planning phase of the development and operation of required contingency plans, • Proper monitoring of worker physiology, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-2 • Implementation of preventive measures and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) early in the operations so that sound work practices are developed and followed, • Proper initial training of workers to recognize the symptoms of temperature extreme related disorders or conditions in themselves and their fellow workers, • Implementation of a "buddy system", and • Proper acclimatization of all workers to new or changing work conditions. 6.2. HEAT STRESS Increased physical demands on workers occur as a result of increased air temperature and humidity. Wearing PPE also increases the demands on workers, due to: • Added weight of the equipment, • Reduced visibility, • Reduced mobility, • Loss of the body's natural cooling processes, • Increased energy consumption by the body, and • Lack of sufficient fluid replenishment. Other factors that influence the occurrence of heat related disorders or conditions include environmental conditions, clothing, workload, and the individual characteristics of workers. Workers should be pre-screened prior to beginning operations. Once baseline values are obtained, they can be used to effectively assess the health of workers during and immediately after operations (e.g., pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, body weight).

Because of the variability of these factors and the compounding effect that each may have on an individual's health, a physiological monitoring program should be established. 6.2.1. Monitoring Personnel who are not required to wear PPE are not immune to the potential hazards of heat related disorders or conditions and should be included in the monitoring program. The guidance for workers wearing permeable clothing is specified in the current version of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values for Heat Stress. If actual clothing differs from the ACGIH standard ensemble in insulation value and/or wind and vapor permeability, changes should be made to the monitoring requirements and work rest period to account for these differences. Table 6-1 provides the suggested frequency of physiological monitoring for fit and acclimatized workers. The ACGIH TLV guide contains a separate table for workers wearing semipermeable and impermeable encapsulating clothing. In these situations, refer to this table. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-3 TABLE 6-1 Suggested Frequency of Physiological Monitoring for Fit and Acclimatized Workers Adjusted Temperature Normal Work Clothing Impermeable Clothing Calculation 90( F (32.2( C) or above After each 45 minutes of work After each 15 minutes of work 87.5( - 90.0( F After each 60 minutes of work After each 30 minutes of work (30.8( - 32.2( C) 82.5( - 87.5( F After each 90 minutes of work After each 60 minutes of work (28.1( - 30.8( C) 77.5( - 82.5( F After each 120 minutes of work After each 90 minutes of work (25.3( - 28.1( C) 72.5( - 77.5( F After each 150 minutes of work After each 120 minutes of work (22.5( - 25.3( C) The following parameters should be used when monitoring workers: • Heart rate - Count the radial pulse as early as possible in the rest period to ensure a more accurate reading. If the heart rate exceeds 110 beats per minute at the beginning of the rest period, shorten the next work cycle by one-third and keep the rest period at the same length. If, at the end of the following work period, the heart rate still exceeds 110 beats per minute, shorten the work period again by one-third. • Oral Temperature - The utilization of oral temperature applies to the time immediately after the worker leaves the contamination reduction zone. Using a clinical thermometer, take the temperature for three minutes. If the oral temperature exceeds 99.6( F (37.6( C), shorten the next work cycle by one-third, without a change to the rest period. If the oral temperature still exceeds 99.6( F (37.6( C) at the end of the following work period, shorten the next work cycle by one-third. Do not permit a worker to perform duties requiring a semipermeable or impermeable garment if the oral temperature exceeds 100.6( F (38.1( C). • Ear Canal Readings - Ear canal readings are a valid method to monitor the temperature of workers who remain in the contamination reduction zone. • Body Water Loss - Measure body weight to see if enough fluids are being consumed to prevent dehydration. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-4 6.2.2. Training Worker training is an essential element of an effective temperature extreme program. Workers who are able to identify the symptoms of early heat stress will be able to prevent heat related disorders or conditions and possible death to themselves and their fellow workers. Workers should be trained to identify the following symptoms:

• Heat Rash - Caused by continuous exposure to heat or humid air. Can be recognized by the occurrence of small red pimples on the skin. Typically found in sensitive areas of the body where the potential for rubbing can occur (e.g., underarm, groin area). • Heat Cramps - Caused by heavy sweating and inadequate electrolyte replacement. Signs to look for include muscle spasms and pain in the extremities, such as hands and feet, and in the abdomen. • Heat Exhaustion - Caused by increased stress on various parts of the body, including inadequate blood circulation due to cardiovascular insufficiency or dehydration. Signs to look for include: • Pale, cool, moist skin; • Heavy sweating; • Dizziness; • Nausea; and • Fainting. • Heat Stroke - This is the most serious of all temperature related disorders or conditions since temperature regulation fails and the body temperature rises to critical levels. Immediate action should be taken to cool the body before serious injury or death occurs. Competent medical help should be obtained. Signs to look for include: • Red, hot, usually dry skin; • Lack of or reduced perspiration; • Nausea; • Dizziness and confusion; and • In extreme situations, coma. 6.3. COLD EXPOSURE Exposure to cold temperatures increases the likelihood and potential for worker disorders or conditions that could result in injury or illness. Extreme low temperatures may not be the only element necessary to create the potential for cold exposure disorders or conditions; strong wind accompanied by cold temperatures can lead to these types of disorders or conditions. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-5 The windchill factor is the cooling effect of any combination of temperature and wind velocity or air movement. The windchill index (Table 6-2) should be consulted when planning for exposure to low temperatures and wind. The windchill index does not take into account the specific part of the body exposed to cold, the level of activity which affects body heat production, or the amount of clothing being worn. TABLE 6-2 Windchill Index ACTUAL THERMOMETER READING (F) Wind Speed in mph 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE (F) calm 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 5 48 37 27 16 6 -5 -15 -26 -36 -47 10 40 28 16 4 -9 -21 -33 -46 -58 -70 15 36 22 9 -5 -18 -36 -45 -58 -72 -85 20 32 18 4 -10 -25 -39 -53 -67 -82 -96 25 30 16 0 -15 -29 -44 -59 -74 -88 -104 30 28 13 -2 -18 -33 -48 -63 -79 -94 -109 35 27 11 -4 -20 -35 -49 -67 -82 -98 -113 40 26 10 -6 -21 -37 -53 -69 -85 -100 -116 Over 40 mph (little added effect) LITTLE I NCREASING GREAT DANGER DANGER DANGER (for properly clothed person) (Danger from freezing of exposed flesh) The human body senses "cold" as a result of both the air temperature and the wind velocity. Cooling of exposed flesh increases rapidly as the wind velocity goes up. Frostbite can occur at relatively mild temperatures if wind penetrates the body insulation. For example, when the actual air temperature of the wind is 40( F (4.4( C) and the velocity is 30 mph (48 km/h), the exposed skin would perceive this situation as an equivalent still air temperature of 13( F (-11( C). The generally recognized cold disorders or conditions are frostbite and hypothermia. Contributing factors to these disorders or conditions are: • Exposure to humidity, • High winds, • Contact with wetness, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-6

• Inadequate clothing, and • Poor worker health. The physical conditions that effect cold exposure disorders or conditions are the same as those associated with heat disorders or conditions, such as physical fitness, alcohol or drug use, and disease. 6.3.1. Control Measures The presence of dead air space between the warm body and clothing and the outside air is essential. Many layers of relatively light clothing with an outer shell of windproof material maintains body temperature much better than a single heavy outer garment worn over ordinary indoor clothing. The more air cells each clothing layer has, the more efficient it insulates against body heat loss. Clothing also needs to allow some venting of perspiration. In addition to adequate clothing, whenever possible, full use should be made of windbreaks and heat tents. Table 6-3 gives the recommended time limits for working in various low temperature ranges. TABLE 6-3 Maximum Daily Time Limits for Exposure at Low Temperatures Temperature Range Maximum Daily Exposure Celsius Fahrenheit 0 to -18 30 to 0 No limit, providing that the person is properly clothed. -18 to -34 0 to -30 Total work time: 4 hours. Alternate 1 hour in and 1 hour out of the low- temperature area. -34 to -57 -30 to -70 Two periods of 30 minutes each at least 4 hours apart. Total low temperature work time allowed is 1 hour. -57 to -73 -70 to -100 Maximum permissible work time is 5 minutes during an 8-hour working day. At these extreme temperatures, completely enclosed headgear, equipped with a breathing tube running under the clothing and down the leg to preheat the air, is recommended. 6.3.2. Physiological Monitoring Early recognition of the symptoms of cold exposure stress is essential in preventing serious or permanent disorders or conditions. Workers and managers involved in cold weather operations should be adequately trained to recognize the following conditions and related symptoms: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-7 • Hypothermia - The first symptoms of this condition are uncontrollable shivering and the sensation of cold, irregular heart beat, weakened pulse, and change in blood pressure. Severe shaking of rigid muscles may be caused by a burst of body energy and changes in the body's chemistry. Vague or slow, slurred speech, memory lapses, incoherence, and drowsiness are some of the additional symptoms. Symptoms noticed before complete collapse are cool skin, slow and irregular breathing, low blood pressure, apparent exhaustion, and fatigue even after rest. As the core body temperature drops, the victim may become listless and confused, and may make little or no attempt to keep warm. Pain in the extremities can be the first warning of dangerous exposure to cold. If the body core temperature drops to about 85( F, a significant and dangerous drop in the blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration can occur. In extreme cases, death will occur. • Frostbite - Frostbite can occur, in absence of hypothermia, when the extremities do not receive sufficient heat from central body stores. This can occur because of inadequate circulation and/or insulation. Frostbite occurs when there is freezing of fluids around the cells of the body tissues due to extremely low temperatures. Damage may result, including loss of tissue around the areas of the nose, cheeks, ears, fingers, and toes. This damage can be serious enough to require amputation or result in permanent loss of movement.

The potential for both heat and cold related disorders or conditions can occur in many common situations. Cold early morning temperatures can give way to warm daily temperatures, resulting in heavy perspiration within protective clothing. As temperatures cool again in the evening, the potential for cold related disorders or conditions can occur. Managers should be aware of the potential for this occurrence and should monitor workers accordingly. 6.4. PREVENTION Preventive measures are the best approach to avoiding the types of disorders or conditions associated with temperature extreme conditions. Many of the measures are similar for both heat and cold extremes. Proper training and preventive measures are critical in temperature extreme conditions to avert illness, injury and potential loss of worker productivity. The following steps are recommended for ensuring/protecting workers involved in temperature extreme conditions: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-8 • Closely monitor and modify/adjust work/rest worker schedules; • Maintain proper worker body fluids in both cold and hot weather by: - Maintaining drinking water temperature at 50( to 60( F (10( to 15.6(C), - Urging workers to drink 16 ounces of fluid before beginning work, and - Urging workers to drink at least 4 ounces of water every 15 to 20 minutes at each monitoring break (1 to 1.6 gallons of water a day is recommended); • Weigh workers before and after each work session to determine if fluid intake/replenishment is adequate; • Encourage workers to maintain an optimal level of physical fitness; • Encourage workers to maintain normal/constant weight (significant weight loss can be a strong indication of physical problems); • Advise workers that heavy alcohol intake may significantly increase their risk of heat stroke (i.e., dehydration); • Use cooling/heating devices that aid in natural body heat exchange, such as: - Heating or cooling tents, - Showers or hoses, and - Cooling vests, jackets, or suits. 6.4.1. Physiological Monitoring The worker's ability to physiologically adjust to work under temperature extreme conditions affects his/her ability to perform work. Acclimatized workers have lower heart rates and body temperatures, sweat more profusely than unacclimatized workers, and are, therefore, better able to function in these specific working conditions. Managers need to be aware of the importance of acclimatizing workers before they can be added to a regular work schedule. Although the phenomenon of acclimatization is an important consideration for heat stress, it has not been recognized for cold stress. The added burden of PPE may increase the time to acclimatize workers. Acclimatization can occur within a few days. NIOSH recommends a progressive, 6-day acclimatization period for workers before allowing them to perform a full work load. Under this regimen, the first day of work should be conducted using only 50% of the anticipated workload and exposure time. This level should be increased 10% each day for the following 5 days. Managers need to be aware that workers can lose their acclimatization, and that the work regimen will need to be adjusted to accommodate these changes. Managers may determine that other factors impact the acclimatization period, including the use of PPE and the relative fitness of workers. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-9 6.5. INTEGRATION WITH OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE HASP

The area of temperature extreme disorders or conditions impacts other areas of the HASP. Temperature extreme considerations should be integrated with other concerns, such as personnel protective equipment (PPE) early in the planning phase of any operation, and proper contingency planning should be undertaken. Integrated areas should include: • Monitoring, • Medical surveillance, • Emergency response, • Confined space entry, • Buddy systems, • Decontamination of personnel, and • Site characterization operations. The potential hazards associated with temperature extreme conditions can cause problems for even the best designed work plan, and the potential for worker injury or death is always present. Changes in ambient air temperatures, humidity, wind, and precipitation, can change a typical operation into an immediate health hazard to workers. It may require logistical requirements to supplement normal operations, including requirements such as increased water supply, on-call medical personnel, and the ability for injured-worker retrieval teams to enter exclusionary zones. 6.6. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 2. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four-Agency Document). 3. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03, Standard Operating Safety Guides, Chapter 8, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992. 4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical and Physical Agents and Biological Indices, Current edition. 5. Ramsey, J.D. 1976. NIOSH, Standards Advisory Committee on Heat Stress - Recommended Standard for Work in Hot Environments. Appendix C in Standards for Occupational Exposure to Hot Environments, proceedings of symposium, Cincinnati, OH. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 6-10 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-1 7.0. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 7.1. BACKGROUND The Medical Surveillance Program is a regulatory requirement designed to ensure that the health of employees working on hazardous waste sites is, at a minimum, monitored and documented before, during, and at termination of work on the site. The medical surveillance requirements have been derived from numerous sources, including the Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities (also referred to as the Four-Agency Document NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985), DOE Order 5480.8A, Contractor Occupational Medical Program, and generally accepted work practices. For sites that contain mixed wastes, DOE orders and standards should be consulted for radiological requirements. These requirements should be incorporated into the medical surveillance program. The medical surveillance program requirements include: • Baseline or pre-assignment examination, • Periodic monitoring, • Examination after illness or injury, • Termination examination, and • Maintenance of medical records. Medical surveillance programs are designed to: • Establish the baseline medical condition of employees and fitness for duty, • Determine the ability to work while wearing protective equipment, • Track the physiological conditions of employees on an established schedule and at termination of the project or employment, and • Ensure documentation of employee exposure and medical conditions is provided and maintained as a part of the employee's medical record.

The overall objectives of the Medical Surveillance chapter are to identify: • All personnel covered by the medical surveillance program; • The decision-making needs of the personnel involved in the medical surveillance program; • Pertinent details regarding the baseline, periodic, after-illness/injury, and termination examinations; • Which medical records are to be maintained; • The confidentiality of medical records. The sequence of events associated with the medical surveillance process is shown in Figure 7-1. Employee & Supervisor Notified of Employee Fitness/Restrictions Job Identified Job Description Evaluated Hazard Assessment Performed Exam Period Based on 30-Day Exposure Contents Based on Hazard Assessment Employee Reassigned Employee Assigned To Job Medical Examination Performed Periodic Medical Monitoring Termination Medical Examination DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-2 FIGURE 7-1 Medical Surveillance Process 7.2. INFORMATION FOR THE MEDICAL PROGRAM The Medical Program Administrator should be provided with the following information by the SSHO for technical evaluation by a physician prior to an employee examination: • A tour of representative sites, • All data related to expected or known employee exposure levels to hazardous and radiological substances, • A description of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) expected to be worn by the employee, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-3 • A description of the duties expected to be performed by the employee, • Available information from previous medical surveillance examinations, and • Updated medical and occupational history. For hazardous waste work, the following site employees should be included in the Medical Surveillance Program: • All employees who are exposed to hazardous substances or health hazards above published exposure limits (e.g., OSHA PELs, ACGIH TLVs, NIOSH RELs) without regard to the use of respirators, for 30 days or more a year; • All employees who wear a respirator for 30 days (or fractions of days) or more a year or as required by 29 CFR 1910.134; • All employees who are injured, become ill, or develop signs or symptoms due to possible overexposure involving hazardous substances or health hazards from an emergency response or hazardous waste operation; and • Members of HAZMAT teams. Each contractor should implement DOE Quality Assurance and Records Management requirements with respect to medical records and medical surveillance records. In addition, the physician(s) should document that they have a copy of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, and 29 CFR 1910.20, Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records. 7.3. EXAMINATION CONTENT Medical examinations should include a medical and work history with special emphasis on symptoms related to exposure to hazardous substances or radiological materials and their health effects, and on fitness for duty when conducting project tasks. The content of the medical examinations should be based on applicable laws, regulations, and known or potential exposure to contaminants. Where possible, the content should be determined by a licensed physician certified in Occupational Medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine. However, at a minimum, the physician making the determination should be knowledgeable and experienced in occupational medicine screening and surveillance. If no physician is on the staff of the employer, the content of the examination is determined by the Medical Program Administrator in concert with a contract physician.

An example of a matrix of medical examination by job task is shown in Table 7-1. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-5 7.4. BASELINE (INITIAL) EXAMINATION The employee should receive a baseline or initial medical examination based on an activity hazard assessment prior to being assigned to a hazardous or potentially hazardous activity (e.g., exposure to toxic substances or radiological materials, repetitive motion, heat/cold stress). The examination should include, at a minimum, the items listed below. 7.4.1. Baseline/Periodic Medical Examination Parameters The baseline medical examination parameters are determined by the Medical Program Administrator or the physician, after review of the activity hazard assessment. However, at a minimum, the following should be included: • Complete medical and work history, • Physical examination, • Pulmonary function test, • Eye examination, • EKG, • Audiogram, • Urinalysis, • Blood chemistry, • Heavy metal screen (as appropriate), • Radiological bioassay (as appropriate), and • Evaluation of stresses related to repetitive motion. It may be beneficial to develop a table of hazardous substances expected at the work site, the target organs affected, the potential health effects, and the medical monitoring to be performed. An example is provided in Table 7-2. (The information in the table should be consistent with information in the hazard assessment.) 7.5. PERIODIC MEDICAL MONITORING Employees working on hazardous waste sites, which may include chemical, physical and/or radiological hazards, should be provided with medical examinations every 12 months, unless the physician believes a shorter or longer duration is needed or required. The content of the examination is: • Based on applicable laws and regulations, • Determined by the physician, • Designed to detect change from the baseline examination, and • Designed to identify physiological changes. Employee site-specific exposure data, parameters identified above, official dosimetry records, and a hazard assessment should be provided to the examining physician. D O E -E M -S T D -5 50 3- 94 7- 6 T A B LE 7 -2 H az ar do us S ub st an ce s E xp ec te d to b e E nc ou nt er ed , t he T ar ge t O rg an , P ot en tia l H ea lth E ffe ct s, a nd R ec om m en de d M ed ic al M on ito rin g H az ar do us S ub st an ce T ar ge t O rg an P ot en tia l H ea lth E ffe ct s M ed ic al M on ito rin g H yd ro ca rb on s (s pe ci fic h yd ro ca rb on s a re id en tif ie d he re ) T o lu en e C N S , an d sk in C N S d ep re ss io n, d er m at iti s H is to ry o f p hy si ca l e xa m fo cu si ng o n ne rv o us s ys te m a nd ch an ge s in s ki n T ric hl o ro et he ne Li ve r, C N S , ki dn ey s, liv er d is ea se a nd k id ne y in ju ry , H is to ry fo r pr e- ex is tin g liv er re sp ira to ry , sk in de rm at iti s, C N S , de pr es si o n, di se as e o r de cr ea se d lu ng ca nc er , ve nt ric ul ar fu nc tio ns , m ea su re m en t o f l iv er ar rh yt hm ia s en zy m es a nd li ve r fu nc tio n, ur in e sc re en , ph ys ic al e xa m fo cu si ng o n ne rv o us s ys te m , sk in a nd r es pi ra to ry s ys te m H ea vy M et al s (s pe ci fic h ea vy m et a ls a re id en tif ie d he re ) Le ad ki dn ey , bl o o d, C N

S , re na l s ys te m d is fu nc tio n, ur in e sc re en , m ea su re m en t o f G I tr ac t ge ne ra l C N S im pa irm en t ki dn ey fu nc tio n w he re r el ev an t, C B C , hi st o ry a nd p hy si ca l ex am fo cu si ng o n C N S D O E -E M -S T D -5 50 3- 94 T A B LE 7 -2 H az ar do us S ub st an ce s E xp ec te d to b e E nc ou nt er ed , t he T ar ge t O rg an , P ot en tia l H ea lth E ffe ct s, a nd R ec om m en de d M ed ic al M on ito rin g H az ar do us S ub st an ce T ar ge t O rg an P ot en tia l H ea lth E ffe ct s M ed ic al M on ito rin g 7- 7 H er bi ci de s (s pe ci fic h er bi ci de s a re id en tif ie d he re ) 2, 4- D sk in , P N s ch lo ra cn e, p er ip he ra l hi st o ry a nd p hy si ca l e xa m ne ur o pa th y fo cu si ng o n sk in n er vo us sy st em , ur in al ys is R ad io nu cl id es (s pe ci fic r a di on u cl id es a re id en tif ie d he re ) P lu to ni um bo ne , lu ng s lu ng c an ce r hi st o ry fo cu si ng o n pr io r ex po su re t o io ni zi ng r ad ia tio n, ba se lin e bi o as sa y an d pe rio di c bi o as sa y m o ni to rin g DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-8 7.6. EXAMINATION AFTER ILLNESS OR INJURY Follow-up examinations should be provided as soon as possible to the employee due to any of the following situations: • Notification to the supervision, management, the Medical Program Administrator or physician that the employee has developed signs or symptoms indicating sensitivity or overexposure, • Potential exposure above the permissible exposure limit or published exposure limit, • Lost time illness of three working days or more, • Any recordable injury to the employee, or • Contamination incident. In the case of injury or illness, the Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) or his/her designated alternate is responsible for notifying the Medical Program Administrator of the incident and the suspected substance involved. If the substance is unknown, it should be identified as such. The examination will be carried out by a licensed occupational medical provider. The scope of the examination will be determined by the physician. The employee will not return to work until the physician certifies that the employee is fit to return to work, activity restrictions are identified, and documentation of fitness for duty is provided. 7.7. TERMINATION EXAMINATION The employer should provide a termination medical examination when an employee is terminated or reassigned to an area or activity where the employee is not exposed to hazardous substances or radiological constituents. The termination examination content will be determined by the physician. If termination occurs within six months of a periodic examination, the physician may determine that an additional examination is not necessary. Documentation of the decision not to provide a termination examination, and its basis, should be provided in the medical file for the employee. 7.8. MAINTENANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL RECORDS The employee should be notified of recommended limitations upon his/her assigned work. The physician should provide a written opinion to the records indicating that the employee has been informed of the results of the exam and of any medical conditions which require further examination or treatment. In addition, the following specific records should be maintained:

• Name and Social Security number of employee; • Physician's written opinion, recommended limitations and results of exam; DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-9 • Employee medical complaints related to exposure to hazardous substances; • Information provided to the physician from the employer (not standard or appendices); and • Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for employee protection. Personnel medical records and exposure monitoring records should be maintained according to DOE orders and the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 (f)(8) and 29 CFR 1910.20. Access to medical records should be consistent with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.20. The employee medical records will be held in confidence by the employer to the extent permitted by law. 7.9. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910.20, Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records. 2. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. 3. 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection. 4. 29 CFR 1910.1000, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. 5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, Current edition. 6. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four- Agency Document). 7. DOE N 5480.6, U.S. DOE Radiological Control Manual. 8. DOE Order 3790.1B, Federal Employee Occupation Safety and Health Program. 9. DOE Order 5000.3A, Occurrence Reporting and Processing of Operations Information. 10. DOE Order 5480.4, Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Standards. 11. DOE Order 5480.8A, Contractor Occupational Medical Program. 12. DOE Order 5480.10, Contractor Industrial Hygiene Program. 13. DOE Order 5480.11, Radiation Protection for Occupational Workers. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 7-10 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-1 8.0. EXPOSURE MONITORING/AIR SAMPLING 8.1. BACKGROUND Hazardous waste activities generate the potential for employee exposure to, and/or off-site migration of, hazardous concentrations of airborne substances. This section provides the general HASP guidance for the exposure monitoring/air sampling program and specific activities that should take place during hazardous waste activities. The overall objectives of the exposure monitoring/air sampling section are: • Describe the overall exposure monitoring and air sampling program by providing general information about the purpose of the exposure monitoring and air sampling program, regulatory requirements, and guidance documents; and • Identify the different components of the exposure monitoring/air sampling program, including personnel qualifications, air contaminants, instrumentation, worker exposure, level of protection, and offsite, perimeter, and meteorological monitoring, quality assurance/quality control, and recordkeeping. The objectives of exposure monitoring/air sampling are to accurately determine: • Exposure levels for site workers, • Work areas generating the most significant airborne contaminants, • Whether migration is occurring, and • Whether modified levels of protection or engineering controls are required. This section of the HASP should be prepared in accordance with guidelines contained in the EPA Standard Operating Safety Guides, June 1992; EPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Air Surveillance for Hazardous Materials; and the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (latest edition).

8.2. GENERAL GUIDANCE An exposure monitoring/air sampling program should be prepared and implemented to identify and quantify airborne levels of potentially hazardous substances. Appropriate direct-reading (i.e., real time) air monitoring and time-integrated (e.g., 8 hour time-weighted average, 15 minute short term exposure limit) air sampling should be conducted in accordance with applicable regulations (e.g., OSHA, EPA, State, NRC). Both direct-reading and time-integrated sampling should be used to test for the presence of air contaminants. Compounds which are found by time-integrated sampling, but are not detected by direct reading air monitors, may warrant modification of both the monitoring program and the levels of protection. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-2 Work area air monitoring within the Exclusion Zone should be conducted to determine if pre- established action levels are being exceeded. If the action levels are being exceeded, additional, appropriate controls should be implemented or workers should upgrade PPE to the appropriate level of protection. Worker exposure monitoring with time-integrated sampling should be conducted during the clean-up phase and where otherwise appropriate to accurately assess worker exposure to specific chemicals. A combination of offsite, perimeter, and work area samples should be used to assess the release of air contaminants. While the primary objective of work area air monitoring is to assist in protecting onsite personnel from airborne contaminants, these data can also be used to assess the potential for detectable offsite emissions. Upwind and downwind offsite and perimeter monitoring should be conducted. Air contaminant levels should be established upwind around the site perimeter in order to define the reference point or baseline to which downwind monitoring data can be compared. Comparisons of air monitoring data with these reference data may indicate areas which generate air contaminant levels above established action levels. When action levels are exceeded, appropriate actions should be taken, such as, increasing engineering controls or making community notifications. As appropriate, air samples should be taken according to the requirements of 10 CFR 20.103(a)(3), Exposure of Individuals to Concentrations of Radioactive Materials in Air in Restricted Areas, and DOE’s Radiological Control Manual (latest edition) to identify the radioactive isotopes and corresponding radiation types (alpha, beta, gamma) in the workplace atmosphere and at the perimeter of the site. The principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) should be utilized to assure worker and public protection from atmospheric emissions. 8.2.1. Personnel Qualifications The exposure monitoring/air sampling program should be developed by an industrial hygienist, preferably one who is certified by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene, or otherwise board eligible, or who has a minimum of three years experience in developing such programs for hazardous waste sites. In addition, where exposures to radioactive materials are anticipated, a health physicist, preferably one who is certified by the American Board of Health Physics, or otherwise board eligible, or who has a minimum of three years relevant experience, should assist in the development of the exposure monitoring/air sampling program.

Staff should be experienced in implementing an air monitoring program for the type of activities to be conducted. The staff should also be experienced in implementing an air monitoring program designed to evaluate worker exposure to airborne contaminants. The Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) should be responsible for implementing the exposure monitoring/air sampling program, and all activities should be conducted under the direction of the SSHO. Other air monitoring staff may include air monitoring specialists and field technicians. The air monitoring staff should be provided site-specific training regarding the site-specific air sampling, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-3 monitoring, instrumentation, sample shipping procedures, and other duties assigned by the SSHO. The responsibilities for each staff position and the minimum requirements for the SSHO and other air monitoring staff should be developed and presented in tables similar to those shown in Table 8-1. TABLE 8-1 Framework for Presenting Staff Responsibilities Position Number Qualifications Responsibilities SSHO 2 1. (including alternates) (training, education, experience) 2. 3. Field Technicians 1. 2. 3. 8.3. AIR CONTAMINANTS The air contaminants to be monitored/sampled and the locations and frequency of monitoring should be specified. The following should be included as appropriate, depending on site-specific conditions: • Classes of chemicals, • Specific contaminants for individual identification and analysis, • Oxygen content, • Flammable atmospheres, • Total and respirable dust, • Specific radioisotopes and corresponding types of radiation, and • Noise. A table should be provided which summarizes the contaminants to be monitored, key chemical, radiological, physical, and toxicological properties for each contaminant, and the frequency/schedule for monitoring each contaminant. An example is provided in Table 8-2. A table of pre-established action levels for each contaminant, corresponding actions to be taken when action levels are exceeded, and the basis for choosing an action level should be developed. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-4 An example is shown in Table 8-3. In addition, written justification and a rationale for the action level and actions identified should be available for review. TABLE 8-2 Air Contaminants - Summary of Properties and Frequency of Monitoring Air Contaminant: Physical Properties Chemical Properties Toxicological Properties Type of Sampling (e.g., direct-reading at perimeter, time-integrated worker exposure) Frequency Locations TABLE 8-3 Air Contaminants - Action Levels Air Contaminant: Action Level Action Basis For Action Level Air Contaminant: Action Level Action Basis For Action Level 8.4. METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION Air monitoring specialists should be responsible for operating air monitoring instruments under the supervision of the SSHO. These individuals should be required to demonstrate proficiency in DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-5 the use, care, limitations, and operating characteristics of air monitoring instruments. These individuals should also be responsible for the maintenance and calibration of all air monitoring equipment. Calibrations should be in accordance with methods indicated in NIOSH’s Manual of Analytical Methods (latest edition), EPA methods, and/or methods recommended by the equipment manufacturer. Maintenance of instruments should be in accordance with methods recommended by the equipment manufacturer or by the SSHO.

The EPA methods to be used for ambient air monitoring should be specified, as well as the use of NIOSH methods for worker exposure monitoring/sampling. The use of analytical laboratories accredited by EPA and/or the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), should be specified. Samples collected using NIOSH methods should be analyzed only by laboratories currently accredited by the AIHA. When radiological samples are to be analyzed, laboratories with appropriate accreditation should be used. The following sections discuss in more detail the detection principle, limitations, and features of instruments which should be utilized during environmental restoration projects. For selection of all instruments, a number of factors should be considered such as: • Accuracy, • Mobility, • Potential interferences on performance, • Alarms, • Remote sensing, • Battery life, • Calibration required, • Explosion proofing, and • Sampling range. 8.4.1. Direct-Reading Monitoring Instruments Unlike time-integrated sampling devices, which are used to collect samples for subsequent analysis in a laboratory, direct-reading instruments (the term direct-reading is used synonymously for the term real-time) provide information at the time of sampling, thus enabling rapid decision-making. Data obtained from direct-reading monitors can often be used to assure proper selection of personnel protection equipment, engineering controls and work practices. The instruments can often provide the trained and experienced user the capability to determine if site personnel are potentially exposed to concentrations which exceed exposure limits or action levels for specific hazardous materials. Direct-reading monitors can be useful in identifying oxygen deficient atmospheres, IDLH conditions, toxic levels of airborne contaminants, flammable atmospheres, and radioactive DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-6 hazards. Periodic monitoring of airborne levels with real-time monitors is critical, especially before and during new work activities. Where appropriate, screening with direct-reading instruments for ionizing radiation should be conducted prior to and during site activities. Where appropriate, the type of radioactive isotopes present should also be identified to assure that action levels, worker exposure and environmental standards are not exceeded. A summary of direct-reading instruments to be used and their specific operating parameters should be developed. An example is provided in Table 8-4. TABLE 8-4 Direct-Reading Instruments for Site XX Instrument: Number Provided at Site: Contaminant Monitored: Application: Detection Method: General Care/Maintenance: Typical Operating Time: 8.4.2. Time-Integrated Sampling Instruments Time-integrated sampling for chemical and radiation hazards should be performed prior to and during site activities. The equipment and collection media to monitor each hazard should be specified. Time-integrated sampling may include pumps, collection media (MCE filters, AA filters, sorbent tubes), and badge-type passive samplers. 8.5. WORKER EXPOSURE MONITORING The sampling strategy chosen to assess worker exposure through time-integrated sampling and the sampling results should be documented. Sections 8.11 through 8.14 contain additional guidance on documentation and recordkeeping. Personal monitoring samples for both radioactive isotopes and chemicals should be collected in the worker’s breathing zone. Representative sampling of those employees with the greatest risk of exposure is required in accordance with 1910.120(h)(4). The sampling strategy should be documented and changed as

DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-7 appropriate if the operation or tasks change or if exposures potentially increase. Changes to the sampling strategy should also be documented. Monitoring/sampling of employees in all work zones (Exclusion Zone, Contamination Reduction Zone, and Support Zone) should be included. All employees working within a radiologically controlled area should receive appropriate dosimetry monitoring for radiation exposure according to the requirements of DOE's Radiological Control Manual or 10 CFR 20, Subpart F, Surveys and Monitoring. The monitoring program should include information on the record keeping of employee's exposure to external radiation according to the requirements of DOE's Radiological Control Manual, Determination of Prior Occupational Dose. Each employee’s radiation exposure history should be reviewed, according to the requirements of DOE's Radiological Control Manual, for compliance with exposure standards prior to allowing the employee access to a radiologically controlled area. The employee's exposure history should be continuously documented and available for the employee's review. 8.6. LEVEL OF PROTECTION MONITORING When and how often monitoring/sampling should be performed to assess the level of protection should be specified. Frequencies and durations should be specified for all of the following: • Upon initial entry, • When new operations begin, • When work begins on a different portion of the site, • When different contaminants are being handled, • When working in areas with obvious liquid contamination, and • When entering or working in confined spaces. The use of direct-reading and time-integrated monitoring should be considered to assure that airborne concentrations of contaminants do not exceed the protection factors of the PPE in use. Standard industrial hygiene practice dictates that the background levels be taken to accurately determine the levels of exposure resulting from site activities. The following monitoring should be conducted during: • Initial site entry when the site evaluation shows the potential for ionizing radiation; • IDLH conditions; or • When the site is not adequately characterized to eliminate these possible conditions: - Monitoring with direct-reading instruments for ionizing radiation; - Monitoring with direct-reading instruments for IDLH and other conditions (e.g., combustible, explosive, oxygen deficient, toxic substances) that may cause death or serious injury; and/or - Visual observations for signs of actual or potential IDLH or other dangerous conditions. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-8 8.7. OFFSITE MONITORING Locations of offsite monitoring stations should be determined in the field by the SSHO. In general, at least three stations (one upwind and two downwind) should be used at pre-established distances, in accordance with the predominant wind directions recorded at the site. Monitoring at downwind locations should be conducted a minimum of once each workday following the establishment of ambient background levels. Ambient background levels should be established at the upwind offsite monitoring station. The mean value of three separate readings should be recorded as the ambient background level. 8.8. PERIMETER MONITORING Perimeter monitoring is intended to detect any migration of pollutants outside of the Exclusion Zone. Both direct-reading and time-integrated monitoring/sampling should be considered. 8.9. METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING

Accurate information on temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction should be provided by existing site resources or a portable meteorological station. Data obtained should be used to aid in determining the daily monitoring strategy (e.g., determining sampling locations). 8.10. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL Procedures should be developed in accordance with DOE Order 5700.6C, Quality Assurance, and EPA requirements for quality assurance/quality control of samples and sample results from equipment calibration through the sample collection, sample shipment, and reporting of sample results should be specified. The procedures should include: • Sample packaging and shipping, • Chain of custody, • Record keeping, • Quality review checks of sampling data and calculations, • Data corrections, • Field sample blanks, and • Sample duplicates. 8.11. RECORD KEEPING An important aspect of any data generation is accurate record keeping. The air monitoring staff should be responsible for the completeness and storage of all records. Forms used to record pertinent data should contain the information specified in the following sections. When any DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-9 personal samples are taken, worker name and social security number should be added to these forms. 8.12. TIME-INTEGRATED SAMPLING DATA The following information, at a minimum, should be specified in time-integrated sampling data forms: • Site Location/Date, • Work Area/Operation Name, • NIOSH Method Used, • Air Flow Calibration Record, • Instrument Calibration Record, • Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, • Area/Sampling Location Diagram, • Area Sample Description/Location, • Sampling Data, • Pump I.D., • Flow Rate, • Sample Filter/Tube Number, • Pump On/Off (Time), • Volume Air Collected (Liters), • Sample Submission Number, • Laboratory Sample Number, • Analyte Results (mg/m , ppm, or f/cc),3 • Field Notes, • Description of Operation and Complaints/Symptoms, • Chemicals/Materials/Equipment in Use, • Engineering/Administrative Controls in Effect, • Personal Protective Equipment in Use, • Sampling Observations/Comments, • AIHA Accredited Laboratory Name, • Laboratory Location, • Chemist/Industrial Hygienist Name, • Principal Air Monitor, and • Reviewer. 8.13. DIRECT-READING AIR MONITORING DATA The following information, at a minimum, should be specified in direct-reading air monitoring data forms: • Site Location/Date; DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-10 • Work Process/Operation Name; • Instrument Used - type, manufacturer, model, I.D.; • Instrument Calibration Record; • Sample Location - description, diagram; • Sampling Conditions - temperature, humidity, pressure; • Interferences; • Direct Reading Data - time, reading (units); • Field Notes; • Principal Air Monitor Name; and • Reviewer. 8.14. FINAL REPORT A final report document should be prepared by the SSHO and should be submitted as part of the site records. This document should contain the following information: • Chain of Custody, • Laboratory Results (raw data), • Calculated Results (air contaminant concentrations), • Meteorological Data, • Daily Log, • Air Sampling and Monitoring Forms, and • Equipment Calibration and Maintenance Records. 8.15. REFERENCES 1. 10 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation. 2. 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards. 3. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 4. 29 CFR 1910.1000, Air Contaminants.

5. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. 6. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, Current edition. 7. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four-Agency Document). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-11 8. DOE EH-0256T, U.S. DOE Radiological Control Manual, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health, USDOE, 1992. 9. DOE Order 5480.4, Environmental Protection Safety, and Health Protection Standards. 10. DOE Order 5480.9, Construction Project Safety and Health Management. 11. DOE Order 5480.10, Contractor Industrial Hygiene Program. 12. DOE Order 5482.1B, Environment, Safety and Health Appraisal Program. 13. DOE Order 5483.1A, Occupational Safety and Health Program for DOE Contractor Employees at Government-Owned Contractor-Operated Facilities. 14. DOE Order 5700.6C, Quality Assurance. 15. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03, Standard Operating Safety Guides, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992. 16. EPA-600-4-84-041, Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, USEPA, Most recent edition for each method. 17. ICAO Regulations for shipment of hazardous materials on international air cargo transport planes (supersedes DOT regulations when using air transport). 18. NIOSH Publication No. 84-100, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (1984, Supplements 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 8-12 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-1 9.0. SITE CONTROL 9.1. BACKGROUND The site control program at hazardous waste sites is used to control the activities and movement of people and equipment in order to minimize the potential for worker exposure to hazardous substances. The provisions of 29 CFR 1910.120(d) require that an appropriate site control program be developed prior to the implementation of cleanup operations. The site control program should be established during the planning stages of a hazardous waste operation. It should be modified as new information becomes available. The appropriate sequence for implementing site control measures should be determined on a site-specific basis. It may be necessary to implement several measures concurrently. Care should be taken to ensure that the posting requirements of the DOE Radiological Control Manual are properly addressed and that procedures are implemented. For the purpose of this chapter, a Radiological Area will generally equate to an Exclusion Zone, a Radiological Buffer Area will generally equate to a Contamination Reduction Zone, and a Controlled Area will generally equate to a Support Zone. This equivalency is identified in Table 9-1. TABLE 9-1 General Equivalency of Work Zones RAD Contamination Areas Hazardous Substance (DOE Radiological Control Manual) Contamination Zones Controlled Area Support Zone Radiological Buffer Area Contamination Reduction Zone Radiological Area Exclusion Zone The overall objective of the site control component of the HASP is to specify procedures to minimize employee exposure and protect the public from hazardous substances and to prevent unauthorized access to the site. Procedures to meet the objectives of the site control program should include the following:

• Coordination with site management in the establishment of site boundaries, • Development of a map of the hazardous sites which represents a central source of information about the site, • Establishment of work zones to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering controlled zones, DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-2 • Reducing accidental spread of hazardous substances from equipment in the contaminated area(s) by workers, • Confining work activities to the appropriate areas, • Facilitating the location and evacuation of personnel in case of an emergency, • Establishment of the "buddy system", • Establishment of appropriate communication systems, • Implementation of worker safety procedures, and • Identification of the nearest medical facilities. 9.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE MAP The purpose of the site map is to assist site personnel in planning and organizing response activities. Site maps should be updated during the course of site operations to reflect: • New information, such as information gained after initial site entry or from subsequent sampling and analysis activities; and • Changes in site conditions, including changes resulting from accidents, ongoing site operations, hazards not previously identified, new materials introduced on site, unauthorized entry or vandalism, and weather conditions. The site map should be developed prior to the initial site entry using information obtained during the preliminary evaluation. The map should include: • Prevailing wind direction; • Site drainage points; • All natural and man-made topographic features including the location of buildings, containers, impoundments, pits, ponds, and tanks; • Location of specific work zones including radiological and non-radiological postings; • Any other site features; • Locations of all potential hazards that were identified through the interview/records research; • The perimeter reconnaissance; • The initial onsite survey should be plotted on the site map; • Observed and suspected hazards; • Onsite and offsite air and soil sampling results; and • Potential exposure pathways. 9.3. ESTABLISHMENT OF WORK ZONES One of the basic elements of an effective site control program is the delineation of work zones at the site. The purpose of establishing work zones is to: DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-3 • Reduce the accidental spread of hazardous substances by workers or equipment from the contaminated areas to the clean areas; • Confine work activities to the appropriate areas, thereby minimizing the likelihood of accidental exposures; • Facilitate the location and evacuation of personnel in case of an emergency; and • Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering controlled areas. When establishing the work zones at a site, the site map can provide a useful format for compiling the relevant data. In the absence of sampling results, site maps can provide essential information on potential and suspected hazards and potential exposure pathways. Although a site may be divided into as many zones as necessary to ensure minimal employee exposure to hazardous substances, the three most frequently identified zones are the Exclusion Zone (or "hot zone"), the Contamination Reduction Zone, and the Support Zone (or "clean zone"). Movement of personnel and equipment between these zones should be minimized and restricted to specific access control points to prevent cross-contamination. 9.3.1. The Exclusion Zone

The Exclusion Zone is the area where contamination is either known or expected to occur and where the greatest potential for exposure exists. The outer boundary of the Exclusion Zone, called the Hotline, separates the area of contamination from the Contamination Reduction Zone. The Hotline should initially be established by visually surveying the site and determining the extent of hazardous substances, discoloration, or any drainage, leachate, or spilled material present. Other factors to consider in establishing the Hotline include: • Providing sufficient space to protect personnel outside the Exclusion Zone from potential fire or explosion, • Allowing an adequate area within which to conduct site operations, and • Reducing the potential for contaminant migration. The Hotline should be physically secured (e.g., using chains, fences, or ropes) or clearly marked (e.g., using lines, placards, hazard tape, and/or signs). During subsequent site operations, the boundary may be modified and adjusted as more information becomes available. In addition, the Exclusion Zone may also be subdivided into different areas of contamination based on the known or expected type and degree of hazards or the incompatibility of waste streams. If the Exclusion Zone is subdivided in this manner, additional demarcations (e.g., "Hazards Present" or "Protection Required") may be necessary. For sites where radiological contamination exists, procedures for establishing and posting of radiological zones should be developed and included in this chapter. Procedures should be in accordance with the DOE Radiological Control Manual. Access to and from the Exclusion Zone should be restricted to Access Control Points at the Hotline. Access Control Points are used to regulate the flow of personnel and equipment into DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-4 and out of the contaminated area and to verify that site control procedures are followed. Separate entrances and exits should be established to separate personnel and equipment movement into and out of the Exclusion Zone. All persons who enter the Exclusion Zone should wear the appropriate level of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the degree and types of hazards present (see Chapter 5). If the Exclusion Zone is subdivided, different levels of PPE may be appropriate. Each subdivision of the Exclusion Zone should be clearly marked to identify the hazards and the required level of PPE. 9.3.2. The Contamination Reduction Zone The Contamination Reduction Zone is the area in which decontamination procedures take place. It is the transition area between the Exclusion Zone and the Support Zone. The purpose of the Contamination Reduction Zone is to reduce the possibility that the Support Zone will become contaminated or affected by the site hazards. The Contamination Control Line marks the boundary between the Contamination Reduction Zone and the Support Zone and separates the clean areas of the site from those areas used to decontaminate workers and equipment. Access Control Points between the Contamination Reduction Zone and the Support Zone should be established to ensure workers entering the Contamination Reduction Zone are wearing the proper PPE and that workers exiting the Contamination Reduction Zone to the Support Zone remove or decontaminate all potentially contaminated PPE. 9.3.3. The Support Zone

The Support Zone is the uncontaminated area where workers are unlikely to be exposed to hazardous substances or dangerous conditions. Because the Support Zone is free from contamination, personnel working within it may wear normal work clothes. Any potentially contaminated clothing, equipment, and samples (outer containers) should remain inside the Contamination Reduction Zone or the Exclusion Zone. Designation of the Support Zone should be based on all available site characterization data and should be located upwind from the Exclusion Zone. The Support Zone should be in an area that is known to be free of elevated (i.e., higher than background) concentrations of hazardous substances. 9.4. USING THE BUDDY SYSTEM When carrying out activities in the Exclusion Zone, workers should use the "buddy system" to ensure that rapid assistance can be provided in the event of an emergency. The "buddy system" is an approach used to organize workgroups so that each worker is designated to be observed by DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-5 at least one other worker. During initial site entry, it may be appropriate to utilize a "buddy system" in which additional workers are assigned to provide safety backup. The Field Team Leader, who is responsible for enforcing the "buddy system", should implement the system at the Access Control Point for workers entering the Exclusion Zone. As part of the buddy system, workers should remain in close proximity and maintain visual contact with each other to provide assistance in the event of an emergency. Should an emergency situation arise, workers should use prearranged communication signals agreed upon prior to entering the contaminated area. The responsibilities of workers utilizing the buddy system include: • Providing his or her partner with assistance, • Observing his or her partner for signs of chemical or heat exposure, • Periodically checking the integrity of his or her partner's PPE, and • Notifying the Project Manager or other site personnel if emergency assistance is needed. Workers should not rely entirely on the "buddy system" to ensure that help will be provided in the event of an emergency. To augment this system, workers in contaminated areas should remain in line-of-sight or direct communication contact with the command post or Field Team Leader at all times. 9.5. COMMUNICATION NETWORK AND PROCEDURES Communication systems should be established for both internal and external communication. Internal communication refers to communication among workers operating in the Exclusion Zone or Contamination Reduction Zone, or between the Command Post and those workers. Routine checking for proper operation should be addressed. An internal communication system may be established using standard communication devices such as radio, noisemakers, or visual signals. Verbal communication can be difficult as a result of onsite background noise and the use of PPE. Therefore, pre-arranged commands and audio or visual cues should be developed prior to entering the Exclusion Zone. A secondary set of non- verbal signals should be established for use when communication devices fail or when emergency situations occur. External communication refers to communication between onsite and offsite personnel. An external communication system should be maintained in order to: • Coordinate emergency response efforts with offsite responders, • Report progress or problems to management, and • Maintain contact with essential offsite personnel.

DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 9-6 The primary means of external communication are telephone and radio. 9.6. WORKER SAFETY PROCEDURES As part of the site control plan, procedures should be established to ensure worker safety. Worker safety procedures include preparation of the site for response activities, engineering controls and safe work practices, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Worker safety procedures should be prepared in advance of conducting onsite response operations and should be available at the site command post. Engineering controls and safe work practices should be implemented to reduce and maintain employee exposure levels at or below the permissible exposure limits (PELs) and published exposure limits for those hazardous substances at the site. If engineering controls and safe work practices are insufficient to adequately protect against exposure, PPE should be used to protect employees against possible exposure to hazardous substances. 9.7. MEDICAL ASSISTANCE As part of the site control program, the Project Manager should assure that the identification and location of the nearest medical facilities where response personnel can receive assistance in the event of an emergency are posted. Information such as the names, phone numbers, addresses, and procedures for contacting the facilities should be maintained. This information should be posted conspicuously throughout the site, as well as near telephones or other external communication devices. 9.8. REFERENCES 1. 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). 2. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA, 1985 (Four-Agency Document). 3. EPA Publication No. 9285.1-03, Standard Operating Safety Guides, Chapter 4, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992. 4. EPA 9285.8-01, Health and Safety Plan (HASP) User's Guide, Chapter 8, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, 1992 (and ERT Health and Safety Plan Planner, Ver. 3.0C, 1993). DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 10-1 10.0. DECONTAMINATION 10.1. BACKGROUND Decontamination involves physically removing contaminants from personnel and equipment and/or chemically converting them into innocuous substances. The extent of decontamination depends on a number of factors, the most important of which is the types of contaminants involved. The more harmful the contaminant, the more extensive and thorough the decontamination. The combination of decontamination, correct donning of protective clothing, and zoning of site work areas, minimizes cross-contamination from the protective clothing to wearer, from equipment to personnel, and from one area to another. Only general guidance can be given on methods and techniques for decontamination. The exact procedure is determined by evaluating a number of factors specific to the incident and/or site. The site should refer to the DOE Radiological Control Manual for detailed radiological decontamination requirements. The requirements and procedures need to be addressed and implemented for both chemical and radiological contamination. For the purpose of this document, a Radiological Area should generally equate to an Exclusion Zone, a Radiological Buffer Area should generally equate to a Contamination Reduction Zone, and a Controlled Area generally equates to a Support Zone (see Table 9-1). Contamination of personnel, equipment and/or material can occur from both a radiological and hazardous material. When decontamination is required in such areas, procedures should be developed which will accommodate both contamination types and minimize the amount of mixed waste.

The overall objectives of the Decontamination chapter are to: • Determine and implement the decontamination methods for personnel and equipment that are effective for the specific hazardous/radioactive substance(s) present, • Ensure the decontamination procedure itself does not pose any additional safety or health hazards, • Provide pertinent information on the locations and layouts of decontamination stations and equipment, • Establish procedures for the collection, storage and disposal of clothing and equipment that has not been completely decontaminated, and • Provide for the periodic evaluation of the plan against the existing site hazards. 10.2. GENERAL CONSIDERATION The HASP should specify the level of decontamination necessary for personnel and equipment at the site. The decontamination plan for personnel and equipment is based on the assumption that all personnel and equipment leaving the Exclusion Zone/Radiological Area (area of potential contamination) are grossly contaminated. The plan includes a system for washing, and rinsing, at least once, all of the mechanical and protective equipment until they are decontaminated. If Contamination Reduction Zone Support Zone Dress Redress Hotline Contamination Control Line LEGEND = Access Control Points _ _ DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 10-2 clothing or equipment is contaminated with both radiological and hazardous material and this process is used, mixed waste may be generated. Special precautions should be taken to ensure this waste is properly handled, treated, stored and disposed. 10.3. LOCATION AND LAYOUT An area within the Contamination Reduction Zone/Radiological Buffer Area is normally designated the Contamination Reduction Corridor (CRC). The CRC controls access into and out of the Exclusion Zone/Radiological Area and confines personnel decontamination activities to a limited area. A separate CRC should be established for equipment. Figure 10-1 provides a graphical depiction of an example layout of CRCs in relation to work zones. FIGURE 10-1 Example Layout of Contamination Reduction Corridors Professional judgment should be exercised in determining how the CRC should be organized and what decontaminants should be used. Factors that should be considered include: • The extent and type of the expected hazard, • Meteorological conditions (wind direction), • Topography, • Levels of protection selected, and • Availability of equipment and supplies. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 10-3 The size of the corridor depends on: • The wind direction (corridor needs to remain upwind), • Number of stations in the decontamination procedure, • The overall dimension of work control zones (i.e., Exclusion Zone, Contamination Reduction Zone, Support Zone), and • The amount of space available at the site. A corridor of 75 feet by 15 feet should be adequate for the most extensive decontamination. Whenever possible, it should be a straight path. The CRC boundaries should be conspicuously marked, with entry and exit restricted. The far end is the Hotline--the boundary between the Exclusion Zone and the Contamination Reduction Zone. Personnel and equipment exiting the Exclusion Zone should go through the designated CRC. Anyone in the CRC should be wearing the appropriate level of protection designated for the decontamination crew.

Protective clothing, respirators, monitoring equipment, sampling supplies, and other equipment should be maintained in the support area outside of the CRC. Personnel don their protective equipment away from the CRC and enter the Exclusion Zone through a separate access control point at the Hotline. Appendix F recommends the decontamination layouts, procedures, and equipment needed for PPE Levels A through C. 10.4. DETERMINING DECONTAMINATION METHODS The need for, and extent of decontamination depends upon the reason for an employee leaving the Exclusion Zone/Radiological Area. A worker leaving the Exclusion Zone/Radiological Area to pick up or drop off tools or instruments and immediately returning may not require full decontamination. A worker leaving to get a new air cylinder or change a respirator or canisters, however, would require some degree of decontamination. The time required for personnel decontamination should be ascertained and incorporated into the scheduling of site activities. Individuals departing the CRC to the Support Zone should be thoroughly decontaminated. Personnel wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus should leave the work area with sufficient air to walk to the CRC and go through decontamination. A flow chart for evaluating safety and health aspects of a decontamination method is depicted in Figure 10-2. Once decontamination procedures have been established, all personnel requiring decontamination should be given precise instructions and should practice moving through the decontamination line. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 FIGURE 10-2 Decision Aid for Evaluating Health and Safety Aspects of Decontamination Methods 10-4 DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 10-5 The type of decontamination equipment, materials, and supplies are generally selected on the basis of availability, the ease of decontamination, and disposability. Most equipment and supplies can be easily procured. Some commonly used articles are: • Soft-bristle scrub brushes or long-handled brushes to remove contaminants; • Buckets of water or garden sprayers for rinsing; • Large galvanized wash tubs, stock tanks, or children's wading pools for washing and rinsing solutions; • Large plastic garbage cans or similar containers lined with plastic bags for the storage of contaminated clothing and equipment; • Metal or plastic cans or drums for the temporary storage of contaminated liquids; and • Paper or cloth towels for drying protective clothing and equipment. Heavy equipment such as bulldozers, trucks, backhoes, and drilling equipment are difficult to decontaminate. Decontamination Pad design and construction should reflect consideration for overspray and pad strength durability to accommodate heavy equipment decontamination. The methodology generally employed involves washing the equipment on a sloped concrete or plastic covered pad with a soapy water solution followed by a thorough water rinse. The wash and rinse solutions are applied through the use of a high pressure spray unit. Particular attention should be given to tires, scoop, and other components which directly contact the contaminated areas. Wipe tests should be employed to determine the effectiveness of the decontamination procedure.

Protective equipment, sampling tools, and other equipment are usually decontaminated by scrubbing with detergent water using a soft-bristle brush followed by rinsing with a copious quantity of water. While this process may not be fully effective in removing some contaminants (in some cases, the contaminants may react with water), it is a relatively safe option compared to the use of a decontaminating solution. The contaminant should be identified before a decontamination chemical is used, as reactions of the chemical with unidentified substances or mixtures could be hazardous or more difficult to dispose. A decontamination solution should be selected based on the recommendations of an experienced chemist. 10.5. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES TO MINIMIZE WORKER CONTACT The minimization of worker contact with contaminants during decontamination actually starts with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Site workers who use general safe work practices are less likely to be contaminated than site workers who do not use these practices. Workers can take steps to minimize their exposure during decontamination through using contact minimization techniques such as: • Remote handling, • An outer layer of disposable clothing, • Encasing tools/equipment in plastic, and. • General safe work practices. DOE-EM-STD-5503-94 10-6 The HASP should incorporate all of the appropriate contact minimization techniques addressed in the site-specific decontamination plan. Once workers reach the decontamination line, they should strictly adhere to proper doffing procedures. This includes minimizing contact (grabbing, holding, touching, etc.) between contaminated site workers and decontamination line workers. 10.6. COLLECTION, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES All items (including clothing, equipment, liquids) used in the decontamination procedure that cannot be completely decontaminated should be considered radioactive, hazardous, or mi